利用MONTECARLO方法分析高能电子加速器中中子引起的感生放射性——微观分析

在高能电子加速器中，高能电子与物质相互作用产生电磁簇射，生成的高能光子与 介质发生光核反应，其后的中子、介子又引发核反应，并引发感生辐射场.本系列文章利用 Monte Carlo方法分析了高能电子加速器中中子引起的感生放射性以及对加速器周围环境的 影响，对于制定关于停机后等待时间的规定具有指导性意义.在微观上利用多步动力学模型 （Many Stage Dynamical Model，MSDM）计算了中子与不同靶材Fe、Cu、Ni的辐射损伤总截 面，然后计算了能量为10、140和700 MeV的中子与加速器相互作用所产生的放射性同位素的 分布及生成截面，并且对3种情况进行了比较和分析.     

高能X射线整车原木辐照检疫中的感生放射性

利用加速器产生的高能电子束或者高能X射线进行原木辐照处理过程中,原木和车厢有可能会产生感生放射性,从而可能会对工作人员或后续的消费者带来不必要的辐射照射风险。采用Monte Carlo方法,使用FLUKA程序结合解析经验公式,以25 MeV和35 MeV高能X射线装置为例,建立了高能X射线整车原木辐照检疫中的感生放射性计算模型,并比较了16、20、25、35MeV的辐照装置可能产生的感生放射性核素的剂量率。结果表明:由于木材的感生放射性核素多为短寿命核素,故不需要考虑原木被辐照后的感生放射性的影响;但只有16MeV辐照装置能够满足工作人员每年20 mSv的剂量限值要求,因此需要对车厢经过辐照后对工作人员的长期辐照进行防护。     

14 MeV医用电子直线加速器上270°偏转磁铁系统

２７０°偏转磁铁系统是 １４ ＭｅＶ医用电子驻波直线加速器上的关键部件。通过用 ＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴ—ＥＭ／ＰＣ程序和ＰＯＩＳＳＯＮ程序计算，完成了偏转磁铁样机设计方案。２７０°偏转 磁铁样机与加速管联合进行了出束试验，测试结果表明，具有 ６～１４ ＭｅＶ能量范围、不同的初 始发射度的电子束流，通过２７０°偏转磁铁系统受到消色散和聚焦作用，传输到靶点在能量１５．１ ＭｅＶ时，束流强度为３．５ｍＡ，束流斑点直径约为２ｍｍ。上述结果证明２７０°偏转磁铁系统性能完 全满足 １４ ＭｅＶ医用直线加速器放射治疗条件要求。     

HEMT材料的电子辐射效应

用能量为１～１．８ＭｅＶ、注量为１０￣（１３）～１０￣（１０）／ｃｍ￣２的电子，对ＨＥＭＴ（高电子迁移率晶体管）材料进行辐照，得到了材料结构中的２维电子气（２ＤＥＧ）的电输运性质随辐照电子能量和注量的变化关系，井进行了讨论．还将该结果与电子辐照Ｐ－ＨＥＭＴ和ＬＴ－ＨＥＭＴ材料的结果进行了比较，对异质结界面的辐照效应进行了分析。     

电子和质子辐照Tc氧化物高温超导体的不同特性

用２００ＫｅＶ质子，４００ＫｅＶ和８ＭｅＶ电子分别辐照ＹＢａＣｕＯ高Ｔｃ超导材料，其影响是不同的．质子注入使零电阻温度从８６．７Ｋ提高到８９．８Ｋ，而剂量为２．２５×１０１４电子／ｃｍ２的８ＭｅＶ的电子辐照却使超导体的零电阴温度下降３Ｋ左右．当电子辐照剂量为１．３５×１０１５ｅ／ｃｍ２时，超导体变成绝缘体．用高分解电镜对４００ｋｅＶ的电子辐照分况进行实地在线研究，发现当剂量到１．０×１０２６ｅ－／ｃｍ２时，氧化物超导体中的品相出现非品化，而其原来为非品区域处处出现有序化．     

肮频二极管掺金,掺铂和12MeV电子辐照性能的研究

对高频二极管掺金，掺铂和１２ＭｅＶ电子辐照试验结果进行了对比分析研究，实验研究结果表明：掺金器件有最佳的ＶＦ－ＴＲＲ折裹曲线，但高温特性却最差掺铂器件有最佳的高温特性，但ＶＦ－ＴＲＲ折衷曲线却最差；全面衡量器件各参数，１２ＭｅＶ电子辐照最有利于器件参数的最佳化，据化，提出了不同类型的高频二极管少子寿命控制技术的优选方案。     

高频二极管掺金、掺铂和12MeV电子辐照性能的研究

对高频二极管掺金、掺铂和１２ＭｅＶ电子辐照试验结果进行了对比分析研究．实验研究结果表明：掺金器件有最佳的ＶＦ～ＴＲＲ折衷曲线，但高温特性却最差；掺铂器件有最佳的高温特性，但ＶＦ～ＴＲＲ折衷曲线却最差；全面衡量器件各参数，１２ＭｅＶ电子辐照最有利于器件参数的最佳化．据此，提出了不同类型的高频二极管少子寿命控制技术的优选方案．     

2.5MV静电加速器ns脉冲离子源的研制

２．５ＭＶ静电加速器ｎｓ脉冲离子源的研制袁其清代云方李宗培（原子核科学技术研究所）利用毫微秒脉冲束进行中子物理实验，可使测量本底显著降低，能提高测量精度［１～３］．我们为使２．５ＭＶ质子静电加速器能提供能量为１～２．５ＭｅＶ毫微秒脉冲束流的要求，在对...     

电子直线加速器的感生放射性计算方法

为了选择一个合理而相对准确的计算电子直线加速器的感生放射性的方法,分析了的点源近似法、径迹长度法、吸收功率法、 Monte Carlo模拟法的优缺点.对IAEA188号报告中一标准算例,用这4种方法进行饱和放射性活度As的计算,并对结果进行比较.分析表明, Monte Carlo模拟法考虑反应完全,可同时计算直接和间接感生放射性,计算步骤简单,结果准确,是4种计算方法中最好的.用Monte Carlo法计算了30 MeV以内电子直线加速器中钨靶的As; 并给出在钨靶中As的空间分布.结果表明,随钨靶厚度及入射电子束能量的增加, As增加.这些结果有利于今后感生放射性研究.     

AN ACHROMATIC MAGNETIC DEFLECTION SYSTEM WITH THREE-SECTOR MAGNET

描述了一个三扇形磁铁消色差磁偏转系统。该系统由三个紧密相连具有不同气隙的扇形磁铁组成，并具有一对称平面。用矩阵法分析了该系统的特性，得到了一般和最佳消色差条件。该系统结构紧凑，传输特性好，工作能区宽。１２ＭｅＶ工业辐照电子直线加速器２７０°偏转系统的测量结果显示了良好的光学特性     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.