基于中国TIMES模型体系的低碳能源发展战略

为研究中国未来的低碳能源发展战略,应用系统分析原理建立了中国TIMES模型体系(China TIMES model system,C-TMS)。在对未来经济和社会发展进行合理假设的基础上,对2010—2050年间中国终端能源和一次能源的消费及构成进行了研究,并对2020年非化石能源在一次能源中的占比进行了分析,给出了未来低碳能源的发展战略。结果显示:在参考情景和政策情景下,中国的能源消费在2020年前均将处于持续快速增长态势,2020年的一次能源消费将分别达到49.1、47.6亿t标煤。在政策情景中,2020年不包括非商品能源的非化石能源,按供电煤耗折算将超过7亿t标煤,在一次能源消费的占比将达到14.8%。     

中国能源服务需求预测模型

为系统研究中国能源服务需求预测问题,基于中国的终端能源消费构成的特点,应用集合模型方法建立了一个具有饱和水平限制模块的中国能源服务需求预测模型(energy service demand projection model,ESDPM)。在对未来人口和经济增长进行合理假设的基础上,预测了5个高耗能部门的产量。结果显示:中国主要的高耗能工业将于2020年左右进入缓慢增长时期,并于2035年达到产量峰值,之后保持稳定水平。其中,钢铁、水泥、合成氨和铝的产量峰值分别为7.4、17.8、0.9和0.3亿t;而机制纸及纸板产量将持续稳步增长,于2050年达到5.3亿t。     

用MARKAL模型研究中国未来可持续能源发展战略

为研究中国未来可持续能源发展战略 ,在对未来社会经济发展进行合理的假设基础上 ,应用中国 MARKAL 模型 ,对 1995～ 2 0 5 0年间中国终端能源消费及构成、一次能源消费及构成、电力构成、二氧化碳排放量等进行了研究。分析了终端能源消费中油气电比重的增加、先进高效的火电机组以及新能源与可再生能源和核能的应用对减排二氧化碳的作用。此外 ,还应用该模型对由煤制油品、煤制氢等满足未来急剧增长的交通运输燃料的需求以及由煤制合成气实现城市清洁能源的大规模应用进行了研究。     

我国农村地区中长期能源需求预测

农村地区能源需求预测属于区域能源需求预测的范畴，主要突出地域的概念。预测中国农村地区能源消费需求形势，将有助于制订农村可持续发展的能源战略。本文根据我国要在2050年达到世界中等发达国家的经济水平这一大目标的要求，通过科学分析测算，提出了农村地区中长期能源需求的常规方案和加强可再生能源开发利用的方案。预计到2020年和2050年，农村地区居住人口分别为6.7亿和4.8亿，采用加强方案，对商品能源的需求量将分别达到12.9×108t和16.3×108t标准煤。     

基于GM-PLS组合模型预测一次能源消费

为了预测一次能源消费量及其由此引起的污染物排放量,建立了偏最小二乘回归与GM(1,1)优化组合模型(GM—PLS)。用大连市历史年的一次能源数据分别建立了单项模型和优化组合模型并进行了验证比较。结果表明,组合预测的相对误差仅为1．70％,高于两种方法单独预测时的精度。选取了国内生产总值GDP、总人口数、第二产业占国民经济的比重及煤炭消费占一次能源消费的比重4个自变量用组合模型对大连市规划年的一次能源消费量进行了预测。结果表明,一次能源消费将会逐年增加。如果天然气的供给量能达到预测值,用其替代煤,则2020年由一次能源产生污染物的量将减少15．53万t。     

用MARKAL-MACRO模型研究碳减排对中国能源系统的影响

建立了能源-环境-经济耦合的非线性动态规划模型——中国MARKAL-MACRO模型,并以此对中国未来能源发展与碳排放的基准方案以及碳减排对中国能源系统的可能影响进行研究。模拟结果表明:若从2030年开始减排,减排率为10％～46％时碳边际减排成本在45～254美元/t之间;实施碳减排将导致化石能源等影子价格的上升、各种能源服务需求的下降,还将引起终端以及一次能源消费结构的变化。最终能源消费量将由于燃料结构的优化和能源服务需求的减少而减少,一次能源在高减排率下煤的比重将大大下降,而低碳和无碳能源特别是核能的比重将大幅度上升。中国未来碳减排的空间是有限的。     

大气污染物和碳排放协同约束下的山西煤炭消费总量控制目标研究

针对我国煤炭消费总量控制仍未分解和落实到地方层面等问题,基于大气污染物和碳排放的协同约束分析,提出了山西省煤炭消费量控制目标。目标研究采用了数据回归分析建立大气污染物和煤炭消费之间的量化关系,通过模型对未来能源消费总量和结构进行预测,并基于此进行碳减排校验。结果表明,对山西省煤炭消费总量控制最严格的情景在2020年是SO_2排放控制,在2030年是碳排放控制,协同控制情景下山西省2020年和2030年煤炭消费量控制建议目标是3.327亿t和3.068亿t.据此目标提出了控制高耗能行业发展、提高清洁煤炭利用率和减少散煤使用等建议。     

2020年世界能源前景

本文预测了2020年世界能源发展的前景。1995年世界一次能源的需求量可折合成83.41亿t石油，而到2020年，全世界一次能源的需求量将达到137.49亿t石油。其中发展中国家对一次能源的需求量增幅较大。中国1995年一次能源的需求约占世界的10.4%，到2020年将增至15.3%。     

未来中国的SO2和CO2排放控制对策

应用能源 -环境耦合的 MARKAL模型研究未来中国的 SO2 和 CO2 排放控制对策。模型的运行结果表明 :若2 0 5 0年 SO2 排放量控制在 10 Mt,终端能源消费构成中天然气的份额需达 3 2 .2 8% ,而有脱硫作用的高效先进煤电及油气发电机组的装机容量在总装机容量中的份额将达49.44 % ;若 2 0 5 0年 CO2 排放控制在 2 1亿 t(以碳计 ) ,核能、水电以及风能、太阳能、地热能等新能源在一次能源消费构成中的份额需达 3 4.91%。因此 ,SO2 排放控制的主要对策在于城市清洁能源的大规模应用以及有脱硫作用的高效先进火电机组的推广 ;而 CO2 排放控制的主要对策在于新能源与可再生能源的大力开发与应用     

中国能源活动碳排放峰值方案及政策研究

2014年11月,中国政府通过《中美气候变化联合声明》首次正式提出于2030年左右实现二氧化碳排放峰值.该研究从中国2015-2050年经济、产业、人口等发展指标假定出发,预测出相应时期的能源服务需求量,并考虑已有能源政策目标的硬性约束,采用能源系统优化模型作为工具,对2015-2050年能源消费总量和结构进行了测算,提出了能源活动二氧化碳排放于2030年达到峰值的能源消费方案.并以方案分析为基础,从税制改革、促进天然气发展、推广公私合作伙伴关系(PPP)吸引民间资本等角度,提出促进我国能源活动碳排放2030年达峰的政策建议.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-