不同通风模式下地铁车站内列车火灾的数值模拟

发生火灾时为乘客营造安全的撤离路径是地铁车站环控系统的重要任务.针对地铁车站环境控制系统设计中常用的两种紧急通风模式,使用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,采用重正化群(RNG)k-ε双方程湍流模型,分别对地铁车站内列车头部、中部和尾部3个不同火源位置的列车火灾进行了三维数值模拟,得到了不同通风模式下的烟气浓度分布.通过分析和比较,认为在列车头部发生火灾时,仅依靠事故风机难以提供足够的能见度,应同时打开站台下排风系统和车行顶道排风系统辅助排烟,其效果在列车中部火灾模拟中得到了验证.列车尾部发生火灾时,推挽式通风模式的效果稍好于全排风通风模式,但也不够理想.文章为地铁车站环控设计中紧急通风模式的选型提供了参考,并对数值模拟方法在地铁车站环控系统设计中的应用进行了探讨.     

地铁岛式站台火灾环境监测与控制

采用CFD方法监测了上海地铁一号线人民广场站站台火灾环境下,采用事故风机+站台空调通风与回风+站台下侧排烟的强制通风、不同屏蔽门开启方式对烟气温度场、CO分布及浓度的影响.结果表明:着火6 min时,强制通风可使站台楼梯口温度Tavg<50.73℃,[CO]avg<150 ppm,并基本消除CO由站台层向站厅层的扩散;部分开启屏蔽门可实现站台层烟气向站台隧道的抽吸,增加站台安全撤离区域.结果同时指出站台层至站厅层个别楼梯口的温度、风速及风向尚未完全达到地铁设计规范要求,需要进一步分析原因.     

基于BIM的地铁火灾屏蔽门开启方式研究

利用BIM技术建立三维物理模型,模拟在2.5MW火源功率下的地铁站台中部火灾,探讨三种通风模式下,屏蔽门开启方式对烟气在站台层的蔓延、有毒气体浓度、站台温度的影响.研究结果表明:在自然通风模式下,选择屏蔽门关闭最优;站台主风机开启模式,选择屏蔽门全部关闭或全部打开可以较好地控制站台烟气扩散;在辅助风机模式下,选择屏蔽门单侧开启既可以满足降低站台温度的要求,也可满足CO体积分数和能见度的分布要求.     

基于CFD方法的地铁通风方案模拟与优化

将CFD方法引入到地铁通风方案的选取上,模拟一个典型侧式站台工况,通过与实际测量数据进行比较,证实了采用CFD方法对地铁通风系统进行仿真是完全可行与有效的.同时确定了最为合理的求解模型和边界条件.     

优化地铁站台气流分布对通风效果的改进作用

为提高某地铁站台通风效果，建立了气流运动的数学模型，模拟气流分布，分析了气体流动的计划时间、留置时间和绕行时间对空气龄的影响，通过增加吊顶送风、隧道送风或者串联隧道送风和站台排风的方法优化气流分布，降低了气流绕过楼梯阻碍的时间，从而解决了站台局部空气龄的异常，成功地改善了通风效果．     

地铁隧道火灾事故通风方式数值模拟

为了有效解决地铁隧道火灾时期烟气流动及其毒性分布对人员疏散的影响问题,以天津地铁区间隧道为研究对象,针对火灾列车停留在隧道中部的火灾工况,利用FLUENT软件,采用简化的PDF燃烧模型、浮力修正的k-ε湍流模型和P-1辐射模型,对不同事故通风方式下隧道内烟气进行数值模拟,并根据烟气的"边界层吸附效应"原理,论证模拟效果。结果表明:不同通风方式对隧道烟气蔓延范围、温度及毒性分布的影响较大;10MW火灾规模时,地铁隧道采用开放式推迟加压的通风方式能够在有效引导烟气流动的同时,为人员提供更充裕的疏散时间。该研究成果对地铁隧道火灾时期通风排烟的有效组织和人员安全疏散具有一定参考价值和指导意义。     

纵向通风水平隧道火灾烟气流动特性研究

地铁隧道火灾烟气控制是城市公共安全的一个重要组成部分。在分析地铁隧道火灾烟气流动主要影响因素的基础上，将地铁隧道通风和排烟系统作为一个整体考虑，引入地铁隧道火灾烟气的浮力效应和热阻效应，建立了隧道通风网络火灾模拟的数学模型，分析了地铁隧道火灾烟气逆流的临界条件、临界流速、隧道风流及烟流流速与火灾强度的变化关系，为地铁隧道火灾烟气控制和事故应急处理提供科学依据。     

全高安全门地铁车站火灾时烟气流动特性的模型实验

搭建了安装全高安全门系统的双层岛式地铁车站1∶8模型实验台,通过比例模型实验,重点研究了轨道区一端发生火灾,烟气在站台轨道区以及站台公共区的流动特性.结果表明,在火灾的增长阶段,如果机械排烟系统不开启,轨道区烟气会通过全高安全门顶端空隙扩散到站台公共区,并阻断距火源较近的楼梯口的疏散通道;当机械排烟系统开启时,烟气向站台公共区的扩散速度得到明显控制,但由于站台轨顶各排烟口排烟特性的不均匀性,远离排烟风机的火源附近,烟气通过全高安全门顶端空隙扩散到了站台公共区.如果能使各排烟口排风量均匀,则将提高控制烟气向站台公共区扩散的效果.     

地铁通风空调系统节能分析

为减少地铁通风空调系统能耗,合理利用地铁活塞风,在对国内外地铁通风空调系统节能现状分析的基础上,对南京地铁1号线地铁通风空调系统能耗影响因素进行分析,建立了地铁通风空调的物理和数学模型,运用地铁热湿负荷分析模拟软件（STESS）,得出了各种运营模式下地铁通风空调能耗曲线,确定了地铁通风空调系统优化运营模式。近2年的实际运行表明,通风空调系统节能达20%,与理论分析模拟相吻合。     

地铁站台屏蔽门渗漏风量计算与分析

首先对影响地铁站台屏蔽门渗漏风量的因素进行了总结分析,然后以广州地铁某岛式站台车站为例,使用通风网络和计算流体力学的方法进行分析,提出通过模拟计算求得屏蔽门漏风量的可行方法.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.