厌氧活性污泥发酵制氢系统中的同型产乙酸菌及耗氢作用

 在对连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)发酵产氢系统中的活性污泥进行分子生物学分析,判断系统中有同型产乙酸菌存在的基础上,通过活性污泥的间歇培养试验,探讨了同型产乙酸作用对活性污泥发酵系统产氢效能的影响.结果表明,CSTR发酵产氢系统的活性污泥中,一种隶属真杆菌属(Eubacterium)的同型产乙酸菌在活性污泥微生物群落中达到了优势程度;以葡萄糖为底物时,同型产乙酸菌的耗氢代谢,可使厌氧活性污泥对葡萄糖的氢气转化率及产氢率分别降低31%和34%,耗氢速率可达0.33mmol/(g·d).     

厌氧接触发酵制氢反应器的启动和运行特性

以稀释糖蜜为底料,探讨了厌氧接触反应设备用于连续流发酵制氢的可行性,考查了其启动运行特性.以污水好氧生物处理系统的剩余污泥为种泥,反应器在污泥接种量9.3 g(MLVSS)/L、进水COD 5 000 mg/L、HRT 8 h和系统温度(35±1)℃等条件下启动,30 d后达到稳定运行状态,乙醇和乙酸之和的质量百分数,占液相末端发酵产物总量的69.8%,呈现典型的乙醇型发酵特征.在稳定运行阶段,系统的pH值、碱度、氧化还原电位分别维持在4.8,460 mg/L,-305 mV左右,平均产气速率和产氢速率分别达到33.2和13.4 L/d.厌氧接触发酵制氢反应设备,呈现出良好的产氢性能和运行稳定性.     

UASB生物制氢反应系统生物强化作用研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以糖蜜废水为底物,利用厌氧活性污泥发酵产氢.向反应器中投加高产氢微生物产酸克雷伯氏菌HP1,探讨了生物强化作用对反应器产氢能力的影响.研究表明:在污泥接种量为30.0 gVSS/L、启动负荷为6.0 kgCOD/(m3·d)、水力停留时间(HRT)为9 h、投菌量为3%的条件下对生物制氢系统进行强化,可使反应系统产氢能力提高25%,并形成丁酸型发酵产氢,液相末端发酵产物中丁酸和乙酸的含量占挥发酸总含量的63%以上,气相中氢气含量在40%～52%之间,最大产氢量达4.52 L/d.     

表征发酵产氢活性污泥效能的碘硝基四唑紫-比脱氢酶活性及其检测

目前,评价有机废水发酵法生物制氢系统产氢效能的指标,一般采用挥发性景浮固体fMLVSS)与总悬浮固体(MLSS)的比值(MLVSS/MLSS)、MLVSS的比产气(氢)速率及COD去除率等参数,但均存在不同程度的缺陷.为寻求评价发酵制氢活性污泥系统产氢效能的合理指标,以脱氢酶检测的碘硝基四唑紫(INT)法为基础,以发酵产氢系统的絮状活性污泥为样品,确立并优化了INT-比脱氢酶活性的检测与计算方法,并对比脱氢酶活性与发酵制氢系统的产氢效能进行了相关性分析.结果表明,INT-比脱氢酶活性检测的适宜条件是:在容积为10 mL的离心管中.先后加入一定浓度的污泥样品0.3 mL、19.8 mmol/L INT溶液1 mL、pH5乙酸钠缓冲剂1.5 mL.45℃暗处振荡反应30 min;反应终止剂选用98%的浓硫酸,萃取溶剂为无水乙醇,438 nm测定吸光度;检测污泥样品(MLVSS,挥发性悬浮固体)浓度可以在3.5～12.5 g,L范围内选定.絮状发酵产氢活性污泥的INT-比脱氢酶活性与比产氢速率非常高度相关,可以客观准确地反映厌氧生物制氢系统污泥的产氢活性.     

初始pH对木薯酒精废水高温厌氧产氢的影响

通过间歇实验,考察了初始pH(4.0～10.0)对木薯酒精废水高温(60℃)厌氧产氢的影响.结果表明,初始pH 6.0为高温厌氧产氢的最佳值,累积产氢量为383 mL,单位基质产氢量为70 mL·g-1.挥发性有机酸(VFA)和乙醇的总量随着pH的升高而升高,乙酸的含量越来越大,但丁酸始终占优势.接种污泥在90℃的水浴中加热1 h不能有效地抑制产甲烷菌和同型产乙酸菌的活性,当初始pH 在6.0～10.0时,发现不同程度的氢消耗,并且在初始pH 9.0和10.0时,发酵末期均检测到甲烷.发酵过程中对底物变化的跟踪分析表明,氢气主要在丁酸生成过程中产生,与乙酸关系不大.     

活性污泥以木糖为碳源产氢发酵的工艺条件

木质纤维素是农作物秸秆的主要组成部分,木糖是木质纤维素水解后的重要单糖之一。本文以木糖为碳源研究了木糖浓度、接种量、发酵温度、和培养基的初始pH值对厌氧污泥发酵产氢量、产氢速率及木糖产氢效率的影响。研究结果表明,木糖浓度、接种量、发酵温度、初始pH值是影响活性污泥发酵产氢的4个重要因素。厌氧污泥发酵产氢的最适木糖浓度为3g／L,最适接种量为25％（体积百分比）,最适初始pH值为7—8,最适温度为35℃。     

一株产氢产乙酸菌的生长条件及产乙酸特性

在参与有机废水厌氧生物处理的各类微生物菌群中,产氢产乙酸菌群在功能生态位上起着承上启下的作用,对产氢产乙酸过程的强化,将有助于提高厌氧生物处理系统的效能。在前期研究中,通过丙酸和丁酸混合培养基,从厌氧活性污泥中筛选到一株双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterim)的产氢产乙酸菌AX3。间歇培养试验结果表明,菌株AX3可在pH7.0、30℃条件下获得最佳增殖,不仅对丁酸和丙酸具有很高的乙酸转化率,同时也可发酵多种双糖和淀粉,并产生一定数量的乙酸。作为氮源,氯化铵比尿素更能有效地促进菌株AX3的增殖。     

Mg~(2+)浓度对混合细菌发酵产氢的影响

为了得到混合细菌发酵产氢的最佳Mg2+浓度,以10g/L的葡萄糖为底物,进行了间歇实验。结果表明,在反应温度为35℃和初始pH为7.0的条件下,当Mg2+浓度为0~1mg/L时,混合细菌发酵葡萄糖的累积产氢量、比产氢量和生物量随着Mg2+浓度的增加而增加。当Mg2+浓度为1 mg/L时,最大累积产氢量为233.6 mL,单位质量的葡萄糖最大比产氢量为238.9mL/g,单位质量葡萄糖最大生物量为204.0mg/g。     

污泥酸性发酵获取SRB碳源的研究

采用间歇运行的序批式反应器,对城市污水厂污泥酸性发酵进行了研究,用正交实验方法考察了温度、污泥体积分数、搅拌方式对污泥产酸量及污泥酸性发酵产物组成的影响。结果表明:温度对污泥产酸量影响显著,搅拌方式、污泥体积分数对污泥产酸量影响不显著。得出的最佳工况为:当温度为22℃,污泥体积分数为10%,搅拌方式为每间隔60 min搅拌10 min,起始pH为6.41~6.89,不接种产酸菌,发酵13 d时,污泥产酸量达最大,每1 g挥发性固体(VS)产生0.171 gVFA,VS的去除率为21.58%,污泥酸性发酵产物中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的质量分数分别为31.66%,33.64%,34.70%,污泥发酵为混合酸发酵。     

四种预处理方法对混合菌产氢特性的影响

以木质纤维素水解后的主要单糖D-木糖为底物,研究了酸处理、碱处理、热处理、红外照射处理对取自沼气发酵池的混合菌发酵制氢过程中的产氢量和产氢速率的影响.实验结果表明:四种预处理方法都可以提高产氢量和产氢速率.最佳的热处理条件为100℃,20～50 min.该条件下累计产氢量和最大产氢速率较未处理的混合菌发酵分别提高约30...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.