活性污泥的热处理及其发酵产氢特性

为消除发酵生物制氢系统接种污泥中的耗氢菌,加速系统的启动进程并提高产氢效能,以易得的城市污水处理厂的好氧活性污泥为对象.通过间歇发酵试验,探讨了经65℃、80℃、95℃、110℃处理后的污泥的产氢特性.葡萄糖间歇发酵试验证明,在初始pH 7.0、葡萄糖浓度10 000 mg/L、污泥接种量2 g MLVSS/L(Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids,MLVSS,混合液挥发性悬浮固体浓度)等条件下,由热处理后的活性污泥构建的发酵系统,其产氢量均大于未经处理的活性污泥反应系统.其中,经65℃处理过的活性污泥具有更高的发酵产氢性能,在72 h的发酵过程中,其累积产氢量为92.53 mL,活性污泥的比产氢率为8.36 mmolH2/gMLVSS,葡萄糖的氯气转化率达到1.08 mol/mol.处理温度不同,活性污泥发酵葡萄糖的液相末端产物也存在差异,经65℃和80℃处理过的活性污泥,末端发酵产物以丁酸和乙酸为主;经95℃和110℃处理过的活性污泥,则表现为混合酸发酵.活性污泥的热处理,对其中的同型产乙酸菌无抑制作用.     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵强化产氢发酵

微生物发酵产生的生物气要经过细胞膜释放出去,产氢菌胞外膜的通透性影响产氢发酵过程。本文研究了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对混合菌胞外膜通透性和厌氧产氢发酵过程的影响。研究结果表明:浓度大于0.009 5 g/L的CTAB可有效提高混合菌胞外膜的通透性;浓度小于0.045 0 g/L时,CTAB对发酵终端的生物量和pH无明显影响;在0.009 5⁰.027 0 g/L的CTAB条件下,发酵体系的产氢速率和累计产氢量随着CTAB浓度的增加而增加;在0.027 0 g/L的CTAB条件下,获得最大产氢速率19.6 mL/h和最大产氢效率13.6 mmol每克木糖,分别较未添加CTAB时提高44%和38%;在0.045 0 g/L的CTAB条件下,混合菌产氢能力受到明显抑制。这些研究结果表明:合适浓度的CTAB可以作为一种高效的生物活化剂用于强化厌氧产氢发酵。     

热处理对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响

餐厨垃圾中有机物含量高,以沼渣为产氢菌种来源,利用餐厨垃圾为原料研究厌氧发酵制备氢气,研究通过热处理沼渣对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响。结果表明,餐厨垃圾是理想的厌氧发酵产氢底物,热处理能够有效的抑制耗氢微生物的活性,提高产氢气浓度。未加热处理发酵产气量大,氢气最大浓度为29%;100℃加热处理15 min发酵产氢气最大浓度为38%,产气量大;100℃加热处理30 min发酵产氢气最大浓度为35%,产气量下降。以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物微生物产氢发酵的最佳p H值为5.0~6.0。     

丁酸甲烷发酵优势菌群的选育及其丁酸降解特性

选育以产氢产乙酸菌为优势的复合菌群,对于开发基于强化产氢产乙酸菌群功能作用的高效厌氧生物处理技术具有重要意义。研究表明,以厌氧折流板反应器中的厌氧活性污泥为出发菌群,通过丁酸盐培养基的定向培育,可选育到以降解丁酸的产氢产乙酸菌和产甲烷菌为优势的复合菌群。该菌群在初始pH 7.0、初始丁酸浓度9 319 mg/L和35℃等条件下,经过27 d的培养,其丁酸降解率达到95%,平均降解速率为39.2 mg/d,累积产气量为290 mL,丁酸的比产气速率达到3.95 mL/g,发酵气中的CH_4含量为61%,CO_2含量为22%。     

UASB生物制氢反应系统生物强化作用研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以糖蜜废水为底物,利用厌氧活性污泥发酵产氢.向反应器中投加高产氢微生物产酸克雷伯氏菌HP1,探讨了生物强化作用对反应器产氢能力的影响.研究表明:在污泥接种量为30.0 gVSS/L、启动负荷为6.0 kgCOD/(m3·d)、水力停留时间(HRT)为9 h、投菌量为3%的条件下对生物制氢系统进行强化,可使反应系统产氢能力提高25%,并形成丁酸型发酵产氢,液相末端发酵产物中丁酸和乙酸的含量占挥发酸总含量的63%以上,气相中氢气含量在40%～52%之间,最大产氢量达4.52 L/d.     

通气提高Klebsiella oxytoca HP1发酵产氢

研究了Klebsiella oxytoca HP1在不同通气条件下的生长和放氢特性．批式发酵实验结果表明：通氩气放氢效果最好，通二氧化碳放氢效果最差．提高氩气通气速率能显著提高产氢量。0．25L／Lmin条件下的产氢量达到1155mL是不通气时的2．41倍，但通气也影响延迟期的长短。氩气通量应该与微生物生长阶段相匹配．代谢产物分析表明：K．oxytoca HP1呈混合酸发酵特性，主要代谢产物有乙酸、乙醇、乳酸和2，3-丁二醇，氩气通气速率明显影响丙酮酸节点的代谢途径和通量，从高通气条件到不通气条件，代谢主要途径按乙酸途径→乙醇途径→乳酸途径的次序转变，通气速率是K．oxytoca HP1发酵产氢的重要调控因子．     

产氢菌株Clostridium sp.T7的快速筛选

取自潮间带的污泥分别在不同温度下(80、100、121,℃)进行热休克预处理,富集产氢菌群并测定其产氢量,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析混合菌群组成.结果表明:3种热处理条件下混合菌群的产氢量都要高于对照未处理菌群.DGGE图谱表明,与80、100,℃热休克处理混合菌群相比,经121,℃热休克处理富集的混合菌群,其电泳条带最少,测序结果发现该混合菌群中包括产氢菌Clostridium sp..从该混合菌群中纯化并鉴定了1株产氢菌株Clostridiumsp.T7(登录号HM104461).培养温度对菌株T7产氢有一定影响,温度在25～55,℃范围内菌株Clostridium sp.T7都能产氢,最适产氢温度是35,℃.     

玉米秸秆发酵产氢研究

传统能源储量日益减少以及能源需求的不断增长使21世纪的能源问题面临巨大的挑战,人们越来越认识到可再生能源的巨大潜力和发展前景。利用农业固体废弃物和污泥联合厌氧发酵制氢,既可解决农业废物和污泥的环境污染问题,又可制备清洁的燃料能源,因此具有非常重要的研究价值。以厌氧活性污泥为接种物,以玉米秸秆为发酵底物进行发酵产氢实验,研究了不同秸秆粒径、预处理方法、发酵液pH值和金属离子对玉米秸秆发酵产氢速率以及产氢气量的影响。结果表明：玉米秸秆粒径越小越利于发酵产氢;经过H2SO4预处理后,玉米秸秆单位总产氢量大于经NaOH预处理样品;pH值为6左右可以提高玉米秸秆的发酵产氢气速率;Fe2＋和Mg2＋对发酵产氢效果有一定的影响。     

马铃薯发酵产氢的菌株培养基改良研究

为了促进马铃薯发酵产氢,研制了改良培养基驯化产氢菌株并使用淀粉生物酶降解马铃薯.将活性污泥煮沸后作为产氢菌株的接种体富集培养,使用Cl-代替SO42-改良传统培养基消除了传统发酵产氢的启动滞留期(约12h),单位最大产氢速率从703.4mL/(g·d)提高到800.5mL/(g·d),最大产氢潜力从205.2mL/g增加到218.2mL/g.通过a淀粉酶和糖化酶处理进一步提高了马铃薯的发酵产氢能力,单位最大产氢速率进一步提高到944.7mL/(g·d),最大产氢潜力进一步提高到267.2mL/g.生物气中氢气的体积分数为43%～69%,无甲烷.     

糖蜜的可发酵性与制氢条件

为了提高糖蜜的可发酵性和氢转化率,采用批式发酵法研究了糖蜜前处理过程和发酵条件对Ethanoligenens sp B49生长和产氢的影响。结果表明去除煮沸驱氧过程可以大大提高Ethanoligenens sp B49发酵糖蜜产氢的性能和糖蜜的氢转化率。Ethanoligenens sp B49细胞生长和产氢的最佳COD为20.6g/L,可发酵糖蜜的最大耐受COD为41.2 g/L,酵母粉可以大大提高糖蜜的生物可利用性和比产氢率。COD为20.6g/L,外加酵母粉浓度为4g/L是Ethanoligenens sp B49发酵糖蜜产氢的最佳条件,单位体积产氢量达到78.97mmolH2/L培养基,比对照提高了76.2%。本研究改进糖蜜发酵前处理方法和发酵条件,可以大大提高了糖蜜制氢的生物可发酵性和比产氢率。     

Enrichment and hydrogen production by marine anaerobic hydrogen-producing microflora

Acid, alkali, heat-shock, KNO3 and control pretreatment methods applied to anaerobic sludge were evaluated for their ability to selectively enrich the marine hydrogen-producing mixed microflora. Seawater culture medium was used as the substrate. The hydrogen yield of pretreated microflora was higher than that of the un-pretreated control （P 〈 0.05）. Among the pretreatment methods studied, heat-shock pretreatment yielded the greatest hydrogen production, which was 14.6 times that of the control. When the effect of initial pH on hydrogen production of heat-shock pretreated samples was studied, hydrogen was produced over the entire pH range （pH 4 -- 10）. The hydrogen yield peaked at initial pH 8 （79 mL/g sucrose） and then steadily decreased as the initial pH increased. Sucrose consumption was high at neutral initial pH. During the process of hydrogen production, pH decreased gradually, which indicated that the acquired microflora consisted of acidogenic bacteria.     

酸碱预处理对稻草秸秆发酵产氢的影响

随着环保要求的日益严格和化石能源的日益短缺,氢能作为清洁高效的可再生能源受到人们的普遍重视。厌氧发酵生物制氢是利用生物技术分解有机废弃物制备氢气,该工艺设备简单、操作容易、成本低廉等优点。以稻草秸秆为发酵底料,以厌氧活性污泥为接种物,研究酸碱预处理对秸秆发酵产氢的影响。结果表明,H2SO4预处理为最佳的预处理方式;稻草秸秆经1%的H2SO4预处理后发酵气中氢气的最大含量、最高比产氢速率和最高氢气产率分别为47.68%、4.67mL/(h.g)和59.21 mL/g;经1%的NaOH预处理后发酵气中氢气的最大含量、最高比产氢速率和最高氢气产率分别为41.92%、3.24 mL/(h.g)和42.02 mL/g;发酵液相中主要产物为乙醇、乙酸和丁酸。     

Effects of various pretreatments on biohydrogen production from sewage sludge

The sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plant is a kind of biomass which contains many organics, mainly carbohydrates and proteins. Four pretreatments, acid pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, thermal pretreatment and ultrasonic pretreatment, were used to enhance biohydrogen production from sewage sludge. The experimental results showed that the four pretreatments could all increase the soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） of sludge and decrease the dry solid （DS） and volatile solid （VS） because the pretreatments could disrupt the floc structure and even the microbial cells of sludge. The results of batch anaerobic fermentation experiments demonstrated that all of the four pretreat- ments could select hydrogen-producing microorganisms from the microflora of sludge and enhance the hydrogen production. The hydrogen yield of the alkaline pretreated sludge at initial pH of 11.5 was the maximal （11.68 mL H2/g VS） and that of the thermal pretreated sludge was the next （8.62 mL H2/g VS）. The result showed that the hydrogen yield of pretreated sludge was correlative with its SCOD. The hydrogen yields of acid pretreated sludge and alkaline pretreated sludge were also influenced by their initial pH. No methane could be detected in the anaerobic fermentation of alkaline pretreated sludge and thermal pretreated sludge, which suggested that these pretreatments could fully inhibit the activity of methanogens. The volatile fatty acids （VFA） production in anaerobic fermentation of alkaline pretreated sludge was the maximum and the next is that of thermal pretreated sludge.     

专性厌氧菌发酵罐制氢工艺

采用批式发酵工艺研究了专性厌氧菌P的产氢特性.分别探讨了P菌在小样及发酵罐扩大试验中的生长周期、pH值、葡萄糖浓度以及糖蜜浓度等生态因子对产氢能力的影响.结果表明,P菌是一种高效产氢的菌株,在培养10h后进入对数生长期和高速产氢阶段.当葡萄糖浓度为10 g/L,初始pH为7.0,接种比例为10％时,小样发酵和发酵罐的气体总产量均达到最大值,分别为485 mL和17.4L;在发酵罐中,通过连续补加NaOH溶液使pH恒定在7.0左右,可使每升培养基产氢量达到2.473 L,比小样提高了5％,此时葡萄糖分解率达到95.2％,且氢气的质量分数达到68.73％;利用糖蜜作为发酵底物,具有广阔的经济效益和除废产能的环境效益,当糖蜜底物浓度为35 g/L时的产气能力最佳,发酵罐中最大产气量为22 L.     

红树林沉积物中产氢微生物的分离鉴定和性能分析

采用厌氧富集三层平板和螺口试管培养法,根据产气特征从红树林沉积物中筛选分离海水条件下的高效产氢菌株,获得1株兼性厌氧具有较高产氢能力的菌株BH-16.通过形态观察、Biolog鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,该菌株鉴定为摩氏摩根氏菌BH-16.实验表明:在厌氧培养条件下,菌株BH-16的最适起始pH、NaCl质量浓度和培养温度分别为8.0、0.01 g/mL、37,℃.通过间歇产气实验和气相色谱分析对菌株的产氢能力进行分析,结果表明:菌株BH-16大量产氢发生在细胞指数生长后期和细胞生长平稳期;在海水培养条件下,在起始葡萄糖质量浓度为20 g/L、起始pH为7.2时,菌株的总产氢量和平均产氢速率分别为1,120 mL/L和93.3 mL/(L·h).     

低温沼气发酵促进剂的研究

通过低温野生菌群和低温厌氧颗粒污泥菌群筛选,及其后续的互补复合优化,选育出了低温沼气发酵功能菌群。沼气发酵实验结果表明,该菌群采用后最高日产气量均明显高于单独采用野生菌群和厌氧颗粒污泥菌群,具有显著改善低温沼气发酵性能。以此为基础研制的低温沼气发酵促进剂,在13℃下可使产气率平均提高46.6%,10℃下产气率平均提高41.1%。沼气池试验中,低温沼气发酵促进剂可显著提高沼气的甲烷含量,可使甲烷含量平均提高24%。     

Cellulose-hydrogen production from corn stalk biomass by anaerobic fermentation

Cellulose-hydrogen production from corn stalk by lesser panda manure was carried out in batch tests and a 5 L scale-up continuously stirred anaerobic bioreactor(CSABR),respectively.The bio-pretreatment of corn stalk was found most effective at 25℃ using microbe additive of 7.5 g/kg,in which the yields of soluble saccharides(SS) and lactic acid were 212 mg/g-TS and 21 mg/g-TS,respectively.The maximum cumulative H2 yield(176 ml/g-TS) and H2 production rate(14.5 ml/g-TS h-1) were obtained at pH 5.5,36℃ by trea...     

Hydrogen production by mixed culture of several facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria

The characteristic of hydrogen production by facultative anaerobic bacteria, obligate anaerobic bacteria and their mixed culture was studied by the batch culture method. The results showed that, due to the synergistic effect between facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, the ability of hydrogen production in the mixed culture was much better than that in the pure culture. Especially, the culture Scheme No.7 mixed up with three strains ( Bacterium.E: Bacterium.B: Bacterium.P = 1:1:1) not only had the best hydrogen production capacity (1.885 mol H2/mol glucose) and maximum average hydrogen production rate (212.2mL/(L·h)), but also had stable hydrogen production under continuous culture conditions, which was 1.968 mol H2/mol glucose.     

Hydrogen Production with High Evolution Rate and High Yield by Immobilized Cells of Hydrogen-producing Bacteria Strain B49 in a Column Reactor

To improve the hydrogen evolution rate in continuous hydrogen production of a novel fermentative hydrogen-producing bacteria strain B49 (AF481148 in EMBL), 4 % immobilized cells by polyvinyl alcohol-boric acid method, with the addition of a small amount of calcium alginate in a column reactor obtain hydrogen yield of 2.31 mol H2/mol glucose and hydrogen evolution rate of 1435.4 ml/L culture*h respectively at medium retention time of 2.0 h with a medium containing 10g glucose/L. Moreover, as the cell density in gel beads is increased to 8%, hydrogen yield and hydrogen evolution rate for 10g glucose/L are 2.34 mol H2/mol glucose and 2912.4 ml/L culture*h respectively at medium retention time of 1.0 h, and for molasses wastewater COD of 7505.9 mg/L hydrogen production potential of 205.6 ml/g COD and hydrogen evolution rate of 2057.7 ml/L culture*h at hydraulic retention time of 0.75 h are observed. In the continuous culture pH value keeps around 3.9 by self-regulating.