豆制品加工废水生物制氢系统启动与运行优化

采用上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)作为反应装置,以颗粒活性炭为污泥载体进行污泥固定化,以豆制品加工废水为发酵底物,考察系统启动过程运行特性及水力停留时间(HRT)对系统运行性能的影响.研究表明,通过调控系统pH值可在20 d达到污泥固定化生物制氢系统的稳定持续产氢运行状态,并通过优化系统HRT条件可实现生物制氢系统的最大产氢量6. 3 L·L~(-1)·d~(-1).     

UASB生物制氢反应系统生物强化作用研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以糖蜜废水为底物,利用厌氧活性污泥发酵产氢.向反应器中投加高产氢微生物产酸克雷伯氏菌HP1,探讨了生物强化作用对反应器产氢能力的影响.研究表明:在污泥接种量为30.0 gVSS/L、启动负荷为6.0 kgCOD/(m3·d)、水力停留时间(HRT)为9 h、投菌量为3%的条件下对生物制氢系统进行强化,可使反应系统产氢能力提高25%,并形成丁酸型发酵产氢,液相末端发酵产物中丁酸和乙酸的含量占挥发酸总含量的63%以上,气相中氢气含量在40%～52%之间,最大产氢量达4.52 L/d.     

表征发酵产氢活性污泥效能的碘硝基四唑紫-比脱氢酶活性及其检测

目前,评价有机废水发酵法生物制氢系统产氢效能的指标,一般采用挥发性景浮固体fMLVSS)与总悬浮固体(MLSS)的比值(MLVSS/MLSS)、MLVSS的比产气(氢)速率及COD去除率等参数,但均存在不同程度的缺陷.为寻求评价发酵制氢活性污泥系统产氢效能的合理指标,以脱氢酶检测的碘硝基四唑紫(INT)法为基础,以发酵产氢系统的絮状活性污泥为样品,确立并优化了INT-比脱氢酶活性的检测与计算方法,并对比脱氢酶活性与发酵制氢系统的产氢效能进行了相关性分析.结果表明,INT-比脱氢酶活性检测的适宜条件是:在容积为10 mL的离心管中.先后加入一定浓度的污泥样品0.3 mL、19.8 mmol/L INT溶液1 mL、pH5乙酸钠缓冲剂1.5 mL.45℃暗处振荡反应30 min;反应终止剂选用98%的浓硫酸,萃取溶剂为无水乙醇,438 nm测定吸光度;检测污泥样品(MLVSS,挥发性悬浮固体)浓度可以在3.5～12.5 g,L范围内选定.絮状发酵产氢活性污泥的INT-比脱氢酶活性与比产氢速率非常高度相关,可以客观准确地反映厌氧生物制氢系统污泥的产氢活性.     

活性污泥的热处理及其发酵产氢特性

为消除发酵生物制氢系统接种污泥中的耗氢菌,加速系统的启动进程并提高产氢效能,以易得的城市污水处理厂的好氧活性污泥为对象.通过间歇发酵试验,探讨了经65℃、80℃、95℃、110℃处理后的污泥的产氢特性.葡萄糖间歇发酵试验证明,在初始pH 7.0、葡萄糖浓度10 000 mg/L、污泥接种量2 g MLVSS/L(Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids,MLVSS,混合液挥发性悬浮固体浓度)等条件下,由热处理后的活性污泥构建的发酵系统,其产氢量均大于未经处理的活性污泥反应系统.其中,经65℃处理过的活性污泥具有更高的发酵产氢性能,在72 h的发酵过程中,其累积产氢量为92.53 mL,活性污泥的比产氢率为8.36 mmolH2/gMLVSS,葡萄糖的氯气转化率达到1.08 mol/mol.处理温度不同,活性污泥发酵葡萄糖的液相末端产物也存在差异,经65℃和80℃处理过的活性污泥,末端发酵产物以丁酸和乙酸为主;经95℃和110℃处理过的活性污泥,则表现为混合酸发酵.活性污泥的热处理,对其中的同型产乙酸菌无抑制作用.     

生物制氢系统产氢菌的富集培养与分离技术

从生物制氢反应器中富集、分离培养发酵产氢细菌并发挥其最大产氢能力，可以提高高浓度有机废水制氢系统的产氢性能。采用活性污泥混合培养发酵反应器和设计培养基研究产氢菌的富集培养和分离。将连续流发酵法生物制氢系统的运行参数调整如下：pH值为4．0～4．2，温度为35～38℃，氧化还原电位（ORP）为-100mV，反应器运行40～50d，使之达到产氢最佳的乙醇型发酵阶段，初步富集以产氢菌为优势群落的活性污泥；以葡萄糖、果糖和麦牙糖为碳源，以蛋白胨和牛肉膏为氮源，设计HPB—LR培养基，严格厌氧条件下，可以有效地富集培养产氢发酵细菌。采用改良Hungater技术、厌氧管斜面法和平板培养瓶厌氧技术等3种厌氧培养技术分离培养产氢菌效果最佳。获得产氢菌94株，这些菌株经过筛选鉴定，获得3株高效产氢菌。这些菌株为发酵法生物制氢工程提供了宝贵的微生物种质资源。     

制糖废水CSTR甲烷发酵系统的污泥驯化与运行特征

与厌氧颗粒污泥相比,絮状悬浮活性污泥具有传质界面大、速度快的突出优点,但要形成具有完整甲烷发酵过程的微生物生态系统则比较困难。采用连续搅拌槽式反应器(Continuous flow Stirred-Tank Reactor,CSTR),探讨了制糖废水厌氧生物处理系统的絮状污泥驯化与运行特征。研究表明,以有机废水好氧处理工艺的剩余污泥为种泥,在接种量MLVSS为8.52g/L,温度为(35±1)℃,COD浓度为4000mg/L,HRT为18h,系统pH值保持在6.5～7.5等条件下,CSTR可在84d左右形成具有完整甲烷发酵过程的絮状悬浮厌氧活性污泥系统。CSTR甲烷发酵系统对负荷冲击表现出了良好的调节能力,在有机负荷从5.3kgCOD/(m3·d)提高到9.33kgCOD/(m3·d)时,反应系统可在16d内重新达到稳定运行状态,其出水COD可稳定在1100mg/L左右,COD去除率和产气量平均为84%和38L/d,发酵气中的CO2和CH4含量分别为41%和48%。     

丁酸甲烷发酵优势菌群的选育及其丁酸降解特性

选育以产氢产乙酸菌为优势的复合菌群,对于开发基于强化产氢产乙酸菌群功能作用的高效厌氧生物处理技术具有重要意义。研究表明,以厌氧折流板反应器中的厌氧活性污泥为出发菌群,通过丁酸盐培养基的定向培育,可选育到以降解丁酸的产氢产乙酸菌和产甲烷菌为优势的复合菌群。该菌群在初始pH 7.0、初始丁酸浓度9 319 mg/L和35℃等条件下,经过27 d的培养,其丁酸降解率达到95%,平均降解速率为39.2 mg/d,累积产气量为290 mL,丁酸的比产气速率达到3.95 mL/g,发酵气中的CH_4含量为61%,CO_2含量为22%。     

基于葡萄糖配水的UASB产氢实验研究

以葡萄糖配水为原料,采用UASB厌氧反应器进行了发酵制氢实验,实验结果表明:UASB厌氧反应器适宜的OLR为48.87 kgCOD/(m3·d),此时的池容产气率最高为9.47m3/(m3·d),产氢速率为0.97LH2/(L·d),氢气含量最大值为49.35%.     

污泥固定化两相厌氧系统处理豆制品加工废水

以豆制品加工废水为底物,以活性炭为微生物支撑材料,建立中温两相厌氧上流式污泥床反应器(UASB)系统,来考察系统产氢产甲烷运行性能.运行结果表明,产氢相和产甲烷相分别在有机负荷(OLR) 28 g COD/(L·d)和7. 2 g COD/(L·d)下,可得到最大产氢率和产甲烷率分别为(6. 6±0. 16) L/(L·d)和(2. 33±0. 17) L/(L·d).通过两相厌氧发酵,系统能量回收率可由产氢相的16. 4%提高至76. 2%.     

利用酸性末端产物气相色谱分析判定产氢细菌

利用气相色谱分析液相末端产物，对于区分细菌类型和指导制氢反应器的启动运行都具有十分重要的意义．采用实验室配制的专用于分离厌氧发酵细菌的HPB-LR培养基，利用改进后的Hungate厌氧滚管技术和培养瓶平板法，从生物制氢反应器厌氧活性污泥中分离出3株具有代表性的产氢细菌，即R3、R120、RL37；还有一株非产氢细菌fuLl6．同时以乙醇型发酵混合茵作对比．对它们的酸性末端产物进行了气相色谱分析，结果表明，厌氧发酵反应器中的微生物发酵产物主要有乙醇、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和乳酸．发现3株产氢细菌的酸性末端产物中的乙醇、乙酸的分布占挥发酸总量比例可达99．0％～100．0％，为典型的乙醇型发酵；而分离到的1株非产氢菌RL16，其酸性末端产物的乙醇、乙酸之和的质量分数几乎相当于丙酸的质量分数，为丙酸型发酵；尽管产氢细菌和混合污泥存在着生理代谢上的差异，主导代谢类型没有发生改变，仍然为乙醇型代谢．可以得出结论，利用气相色谱分析从制氢反应器分离出的细菌培养物的液相末端产物，可以初步判断细菌的代谢类型．如果乙醇和乙酸占液相末端产物质量分数的95．0％～99．0％，可以认为该细菌是发酵产氢细菌。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.