Pinyon jays use transitive inference to predict social dominance

Living in large, stable social groups is often considered to favour the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities, such as recognizing group members, tracking their social status and inferring relationships among them. An individual's place in the social order can be learned through direct interactions with others, but conflicts can be time-consuming and even injurious. Because the number of possible pairwise interactions increases rapidly with group size, members of large social groups will benefit if they can make judgments about relationships on the basis of indirect evidence. Transitive reasoning should therefore be particularly important for social individuals, allowing assessment of relationships from observations of interactions among others. Although a variety of studies have suggested that transitive inference may be used in social settings, the phenomenon has not been demonstrated under controlled conditions in animals. Here we show that highly social pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) draw sophisticated inferences about their own dominance status relative to that of strangers that they have observed interacting with known individuals. These results directly demonstrate that animals use transitive inference in social settings and imply that such cognitive capabilities are widespread among social species.     

英文电影在英语教学中的应用

英文电影直观﹑形象,能有效地帮助提高学生听力﹑口语﹑扩大词汇量﹑了解西方文化以及提升学生学英语的兴趣,现在逐渐地被应用于英语教学。本文论述了英文电影对英学习的重要性,以及作为教师如何将英文电影正确地应用到英语教学中,以求更好地发挥英文电影对英语学习的作用。     

基于FMA分解的关键质量特性映射变换技术

在对数控机床进行FMA结构化分解的基础上,采用决策试验与实验评估法(DEMATEL,decision making trial and evaluation laboratory)对主运动之间关系进行了耦合解耦分析,得到部件主运动性能耦合矩阵。引入了一种间接映射来代替主运动之间的同代耦合关系对二级运动层的影响,分别采用信息耦合度、耦合可变度来度量这种间接映射和直接映射关系,并利用模糊层次分析法(FAHP,fuzzy analytic hierarchy process)对映射关系进行了量化,从而建立了主运动-二级运动性能之间的映射变换矩阵;结合部件主运动性能耦合矩阵,完成了关键质量特性在功能-运动层的传递,并通过实例对比证明了该映射方法的有效性和合理性。     

大学生购置和使用计算机过程中的问题与对策研究

调查分析研究了当前大学生在购置与使用计算机过程中出现的问题，阐明了高校在教育管理过程中，如何加强指导大学生合理购置和有效使用计算机的行为，对于明确购机目的，端正用机态度，发展特长，强化专业技能，提高综合素质，具有重要的现实意义。     

基于类别层次结构的多层文本分类样本扩展策略

针对大规模多层文本分类训练样本获取代价高、类别分布不均衡等问题, 提出并比较几种基于类别层次结构的大规模多层文本分类样本扩展策略, 即利用类别层次体系中蕴含的类别名称、描述以及类别间的层次结构关系, 从内涵和外延两方面入手构造或扩展类别训练样本。在首次大规模中文新闻信息多层分类评测数据集上, 基于外延的局部样本扩展策略取得较好的性能。参测系统在第一级类别和第二级类别上宏平均F1分别为0.8413和0.7139, 在10个参赛系统中位列第二。     

浅议心理暗示在高校图书馆工作中的应用

心理暗示是用含蓄、间接的方法,在无对抗的条件下,对人的心理和行为产生影响的过程。在高校图书馆的读者服务工作中,馆员们若能遵循目的性、权威性等原则,灵活掌握和运用言语暗示、行为暗示、环境暗示等方法,就能更好地利用心理暗示的积极作用,提升读者服务的质量。     

Fish Sauce Fermentation with Silver Carp or Offal of Surimi Processing

IntroductionFishsauceisakindofcondimentsprocessedfromfish.Inthecourseoffermentationprocess,fishproteininrawmaterialsisdegradedbybothendogenousandextraneousproteinasesexcretedbymicrobeinfish[1].Beinganutritiousanddeliciouscondiment,fishsauceisenrichedwithaminoacids,organicacids,calcium,ironandotherminerals.InthelonghistoryinChina,theearliestrecordofprocessingoffishsaucecanbefoundinthebookof“Zhouli”,publishedinthethirdcentury[2].Atthemomenttheregionswherefishsauceisprocessedandcommonlyconsum…     

谈新课标下的数学教学

数学教学要实现“进一步提高作为未来公民所必要的数学素养以满足个人发展与社会进步的需要”这一数学课程的总目标,就要求我们以新课程理念来指导教学．通过采取加强数学学科目的性教育,加强习题功能的挖掘, 加强情感教育等措施,可以有效提高学生学习数学的自觉性,培养学生学习的兴趣,调动学生学习的积极性,从而切实提高数学教学的质量．     

基于典型相关分析法的顾客生命周期影响因素的实证研究

基于安徽省水泥行业B2B市场顾客的抽样调查数据,运用典型相关分析法实证研究水泥行业顾客生命周期的影响因素.利用SPSS13.0统计分析软件分析实证数据,通过因子分析、典型相关分析等方法研究顾客满意、顾客价值、顾客信任及其子因素与顾客生命周期之间的关系.结果表明,顾客满意、顾客价值和顾客信任是影响顾客生命周期的三大重要因素.     

任务型教学法在大学英语教学中的应用——以《大学体验英语》综合教程为例

《大学英语课程要求》一再强调要培养学生的英语综合应用能力,使他们在今后的学习、工作和生活中能用英语进行有效的交流。高等教育出版社出版的《大学体验英语》综合教程把这一教学理念贯穿在整个教材的设计与编写中,强调注重培养学生的表达能力和交际内容的实用性。任务型教学法正是一种强调培养学生实际运用英语语言能力的教学法。     

The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the pursuit of happiness and more specific rewards

Cues that reliably predict rewards trigger the thoughts and emotions normally evoked by those rewards. Humans and other animals will work, often quite hard, for these cues. This is termed conditioned reinforcement. The ability to use conditioned reinforcers to guide our behaviour is normally beneficial; however, it can go awry. For example, corporate icons, such as McDonald's Golden Arches, influence consumer behaviour in powerful and sometimes surprising ways, and drug-associated cues trigger relapse to drug seeking in addicts and animals exposed to addictive drugs, even after abstinence or extinction. Yet, despite their prevalence, it is not known how conditioned reinforcers control human or other animal behaviour. One possibility is that they act through the use of the specific rewards they predict; alternatively, they could control behaviour directly by activating emotions that are independent of any specific reward. In other words, the Golden Arches may drive business because they evoke thoughts of hamburgers and fries, or instead, may be effective because they also evoke feelings of hunger or happiness. Moreover, different brain circuits could support conditioned reinforcement mediated by thoughts of specific outcomes versus more general affective information. Here we have attempted to address these questions in rats. Rats were trained to learn that different cues predicted different rewards using specialized conditioning procedures that controlled whether the cues evoked thoughts of specific outcomes or general affective representations common to different outcomes. Subsequently, these rats were given the opportunity to press levers to obtain short and otherwise unrewarded presentations of these cues. We found that rats were willing to work for cues that evoked either outcome-specific or general affective representations. Furthermore the orbitofrontal cortex, a prefrontal region important for adaptive decision-making, was critical for the former but not for the latter form of conditioned reinforcement.     

浅析道德评价及标准问题

道德评价及标准问题数年来一直是众多史家讨论之焦点。反对者从史家所接受的专业教育，文化间差异以及历史结果好坏的相对性出发，认为历史学家无须在作品中做出道德评价。而赞成者多从历史学的社会功能出发，阐述了道德评价的必要性。实际上，历史学家在选择题目、引用材料和使用语言时必然会带有道德评价成分。历史学的社会功能也要求史家必须对历史人物和历史事件做出道德评价。道德评价的标准就在于历史事件或历史人物对广大劳动群众的生产能力的发展起着促进还是阻碍作用。     

胰蛋白酶抑制剂抗虫基因转化烟草的研究

实验用携带质粒pAM194/TI的根癌农杆菌LBA4404转化烟草,通过筛选,共获得35株卡那霉素抗性苗.GUS组织染色、PCR检测及抗虫试验表明胰蛋白酶抑制剂抗虫基因已经成功地整合进再生植株染色体基因组中,有些已正确表达.     

文学阅读类型假说

以读者探寻创作意图为宗旨,把文学阅读分为五类:AB重合型、A小于B型、A大于B型、AB背离型、AB交叉型(A为读者阅读到的意蕴,B为创作意图),并分别加以论述.     

论外语课堂教学中学生语言创新能力的培养

文章从外语教学的本质和目的角度,对外语课堂教学中如何培养学生的外语语言创新能力进行了尝试性探讨,提出外语教师在课堂教学中,应该注重通过以下四种途径培养学生的外语语言创新能力：培养学生积极正确的语言情感和态度;培养学生积极参与交际的合作意识;培养学生直接用目标语思维的能力;通过听和阅读培养学生的语言创新能力。     

Image scoring and cooperation in a cleaner fish mutualism

Humans are highly social animals and often help unrelated individuals that may never reciprocate the altruist's favour. This apparent evolutionary puzzle may be explained by the altruist's gain in social image: image-scoring bystanders, also known as eavesdroppers, notice the altruistic act and therefore are more likely to help the altruist in the future. Such complex indirect reciprocity based on altruistic acts may evolve only after simple indirect reciprocity has been established, which requires two steps. First, image scoring evolves when bystanders gain personal benefits from information gathered, for example, by finding cooperative partners. Second, altruistic behaviour in the presence of such bystanders may evolve if altruists benefit from access to the bystanders. Here, we provide experimental evidence for both of the requirements in a cleaning mutualism involving the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus. These cleaners may cooperate and remove ectoparasites from clients or they may cheat by feeding on client mucus. As mucus may be preferred over typical client ectoparasites, clients must make cleaners feed against their preference to obtain a cooperative service. We found that eavesdropping clients spent more time next to 'cooperative' than 'unknown cooperative level' cleaners, which shows that clients engage in image-scoring behaviour. Furthermore, trained cleaners learned to feed more cooperatively when in an 'image-scoring' than in a 'non-image-scoring' situation.     

面向任务信息的层次化存储DPM策略

面向层次化存储的DPM策略利用数据缓冲区实现请求集中从而延长PMC的空闲时间,可获得比传统策略更好的节能效果。在此基础上提出基于任务信息（task information based,TIB）的层次化存储DPM策略。TIB策略对任务的数据访问模式进一步细分,通过修改存储访问接口获知任务数据访问的模式,根据不同模式决定预读与替换算法,使策略具有更好的节能意识。     

浅谈体育活动与大学生人际关系

人际关系的好坏是大学生的心理健康水平和社会适应能力的综合体现。和谐的人际关系能提高大学生的学习效率、获取更多信息，并且能提高大学生的心理健康水平。体育活动以它与其他课程不同的特点，能为大学生的交往提供一个广阔的平台，高校应充分利用这个平台，有效的促进大学生和谐人际关系的形成与发展。     

在英语教学中发挥多媒体及网络功能

传统的英语教学重视语言知识的传授,而忽视语言的实际运用。当今英语教学以学生为中心,重视学生交际运用英语的能力。中国学生学习英语最大的困难就是英语的语言环境,学生们接触英语的机会少,使用的语言也不地道,所学语言不能真实地反映社会文化,在实际交际中也就不能得体地运用它。根据中国学生身心特点,英语教学应发挥多媒体、网络功能,创造各种语言情景,激发学生学习兴趣,吸引学生参与英语实践活动,提高学生实际运用英语的能力。     

可靠性增长模型和正交缺陷分类的结合及在过程定性分析中的应用

软件过程的度量和分析是近年来软件工程领域的重要研究方向。传统可靠性增长曲线模型可对软件过程进行预警,正交缺陷分类方法可对软件缺陷进行度量,但是两种方法都无法对软件过程提供直接的指导和定性的分析。提出将传统可靠性增长曲线模型结合正交缺陷分类属性缺陷类型,将不同种类的缺陷放在同一横坐标上进行比较,得出软件过程定性分析结论。