Somatic variants of murine immunoglobulin lambda light chains

Studies of the murine lambda light chains produced by myeloma cells provided the first evidence for somatic point mutation of germ-line variable (V) region genes. An examination of the variable regions of 19 lambda 1 chains revealed seven which differed from a common sequence by one to three amino acid substitutions. Subsequently, one of these presumed somatic variants of the single lambda 1 V gene was characterized by DNA sequence analysis of the rearranged functional gene. The predicted DNA sequence alteration was observed and no silent mutation was evident. These studies of lambda chain variants suggested that the hypervariable, complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) ht be a preferred site of somatic mutation because all seven characterized variants contained substitutions only in these regions. By contrast, comparisons of closely related kappa chain variable region amino acid sequences, and more recently VK and VH genes, have suggested that somatic mutation probably occurs in codons for both framework and CDR residues. To examine this apparent discrepancy between the sites of somatic mutations in lambda and kappa genes, we have determined the nucleotide sequence of two lambda 1 gene from hybridomas and a lambda 2 gene from a myeloma. These sequences demonstrate that somatic mutation in lambda genes can occur in both the framework and CDR residues.     

Drastic change in idiotypic but not antigen-binding specificity of an antibody by a single amino-acid substitution

In proliferating B lymphocytes, somatic mutation of rearranged antibody variable (V)-region genes occurs at high frequency and may have a key role in the selection of these cells. It is of interest in this context to learn in which way single mutations can affect antigen binding and/or idiotypic specificity of an antibody. Previous investigations have analysed spontaneous mutants of myeloma and hybridoma cells in which the mutation affected the antigen-binding specificity of the antibody. Here we describe an antibody mutant that has fully retained antigen-binding specificity but has lost or drastically changed all V-region antigenic determinants (idiotopes) of the wild type as defined by monoclonal anti-idiotope antibodies. The mutant phenotype is generated by a glycine to arginine exchange in the middle of the diversity (D) element, at position 103 of the heavy chain.     

Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells, and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we report the massively parallel sequencing of 38 tumour genomes and their comparison to matched normal DNAs. Several new and unexpected oncogenic mechanisms were suggested by the pattern of somatic mutation across the data set. These include the mutation of genes involved in protein translation (seen in nearly half of the patients), genes involved in histone methylation, and genes involved in blood coagulation. In addition, a broader than anticipated role of NF-κB signalling was indicated by mutations in 11 members of the NF-κB pathway. Of potential immediate clinical relevance, activating mutations of the kinase BRAF were observed in 4% of patients, suggesting the evaluation of BRAF inhibitors in multiple myeloma clinical trials. These results indicate that cancer genome sequencing of large collections of samples will yield new insights into cancer not anticipated by existing knowledge.     

Amino-acid substitutions at codon 13 of the N-ras oncogene in human acute myeloid leukaemia

DNAs from four out of five patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) tested by an in vivo selection assay in nude mice using transfected mouse NIH 3T3 cells were found to contain an activated N-ras oncogene. Using a set of synthetic oligonucleotide probes, we have detected a mutation at codon 13 in all four genes. The same codon is mutated in an additional AML DNA that is positive in the focus-formation assay on 3T3 cells. DNA from the peripheral blood of one patient in remission does not contain a codon 13 mutation.     

兔抗人多发性骨髓瘤细胞多克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

制备人多发性骨髓瘤全细胞兔多克隆抗体。用人多发性骨髓瘤细胞系ARH-77全细胞和福氏完全佐剂通过背部皮内多点注射首次免疫新西兰大白兔,第14 d用ARH-77全细胞和福氏不完全佐剂同样剂量加强免疫,第28 d和38 d时再次免疫。第45 d颈动脉采血80 mL,4℃静置过夜,收集血清。然后采用亲和层析系统纯化血清中的多克隆抗体。用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测纯化多克隆抗体的效价;免疫印迹法和荧光免疫细胞化学检测纯化多克隆抗体的特异性。结果:ELISA检测多克隆抗体滴度为1∶20 000,免疫印迹检测结果显示该抗体具有较高特异性,荧光免疫细胞化学检测多克隆抗体能够有效的结合细胞表面抗原。实验获得了高效价的特异性的兔抗人骨髓瘤细胞多克隆抗体,为进一步研究多发性骨髓瘤诊断和治疗奠定了基础。     

近33 a珠海市雷暴日数的时间变化特征

基于珠海市近33a雷暴日资料,利用Morlet小波分析、累积距平和M-K突变检验等方法对珠海市雷暴日的演变趋势、周期变化和突变特征等进行全面分析,结果表明:(1)珠海市雷暴日有明显的季节变化特征,表现为夏半年偏多,冬半年偏少;(2)雷暴日的年际变化表现为下降-上升-平缓的演变特征,而且在各个时间尺度上都有明显的周期变化;(3)四季雷暴日的年际变化不同,春季、秋季和冬季均有不同程度下降趋势,而夏季为上升趋势,并通过99%的信度检验;(4)四季雷暴日在不同时间尺度上的周期变化不同,春季周期振荡在4～6a的时间尺度最为剧烈,夏季在6～8a的时间尺度上,秋季从高频到低频都有明显的周期振荡,冬季各个频率上的周期振荡都较为明显,2000年之后周期振荡有转弱的趋势;(5)M-K突变检验表明夏季雷暴日在1994-1995年有突变现象。研究结果有助于了解珠海地区雷暴的变化特征,对科学防御雷暴灾害、科学规划和设计雷电防护等有重要作用。     

Monoclonal antibody production by receptor-mediated electrically induced cell fusion

Fusion of myeloma cells and B lymphocytes to form hybridomas which produce monoclonal antibodies has been a major advance, but the poor efficiency and randomness of viral or polyethylene glycol fusion techniques generally gives poor yields of specific, high affinity antibodies. High voltage electrical fields with dielectrophoresis to ensure cell alignment can fuse a limited number of cells under direct microscopic examination, but it is not possible to identify B-cells destined to secrete relevant antibodies. However, B-cells express, on their surface, antigen receptor immunoglobulins of the same antigenic specificity as the secreted antibodies. Binding of antigen to surface immunoglobulins stimulates proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells. Here we report the use of the selective, high affinity interaction of antigen with surface immunoglobulins on B-cells to facilitate a close adherence to myeloma cells. The antigen, covalently conjugated to avidin, binds to the surface immunoglobulins on B-cells. This B-cell-antigen-avidin complex binds to biotin covalently attached to the surface of myeloma cells. An intense electric field across a bulk cell suspension then produces selective fusion of cells in contact, that is, of myeloma cells with B-cells which make the appropriate antibody. We have used this technique with several antigens, and all resultant hybridomas secrete appropriate antibodies with very high affinity.     

Hybrid hybridomas and their use in immunohistochemistry

A normal antibody-producing cell only expresses one antibody, resulting in the well-known phenomenon of allelic exclusion. When two myeloma cells are fused, the derived hybrids are capable of co-dominantly expressing the antibody genes of both parents. Although the respective variable (V) and constant (C) region genes remain expressed in the same cis configuration, heavy and light chains of both parents are scrambled, and hybrid molecules are formed. The same is true when a myeloma and an antibody-producing cell are fused to produce a hybrid myeloma (hybridoma). Fusion therefore allows the production of hybrid immunoglobulin molecules containing two different combining sites. Hybrid molecules of this type retain antigen-binding activity and specificity. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies secreted by hybridomas may have a variety of uses in biology and in medicine. Here we have focused on their application in histochemistry. As an example, we have prepared and tested an anti-somatostatin-anti-peroxidase bispecific antibody. This way of producing hybrid molecules is superior to the production of hybrid antibodies by chemical reconstitution methods because the drastic treatment required for chain separation in the latter is likely to lead to some protein denaturation and loss of antibody activity. Intracellularly synthesized and assembled hybrids do not suffer from this disadvantage. In addition, the recombination of heavy and light chains from different antibody molecules is likely to lead to considerable waste.     

利用EvolvR系统对酶基因实现多窗口定向进化的研究

定向进化包括随机基因文库生成、基因在合适宿主中的表达和筛选目标特性变体. EvolvR作为一种CRISPR介导的新型定向进化技术，可以使目标序列在一天内完成整个进化过程. 目前，EvolvR只报导用于抗性基因的突变，以及串联最多2个sgRNAs以扩大突变窗口长度. 本研究旨在探究EvolvR系统在酶基因序列定向进化中的适用性以及突变效率， 同时在此基础上扩大EvolvR的突变窗口长度. 该研究结果表明，将4个能高效表达的单个sgRNA 串联，成功检测到靶向同一基因的3个不同靶位点，证明了EvolvR具有在目标基因区域大范围制造突变的潜力，具有很高的应用价值. 本研究为利用EvolvR系统对目标酶基因实现定向进化的研究奠定了基础.     

PFOS暴露对秀丽线虫寿长的影响及其与IIS相关基因的关联

以秀丽隐杆线虫(C.elegans)为模型,本文研究了全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对机体寿长的影响及初步机理.结果显示0.2~200μmol/L的PFOS暴露50 h导致野生型秀丽线虫寿长呈剂量依赖性缩短.在4类转基因线虫上,观察到Insulin/IGF-l.1信号通路(IIS)相关的daf-16、daf-2和age-1基因突变或敲除能影响线虫的寿长.进一步观察PFOS暴露导致4类转基因线虫的寿长变化率,并与野生型线虫比较.在CF1139和CF1580突变种上daf-16或daf-2的突变均未改变PFOS的缩短寿长效应.而在CF1295和TJ1052转基因型上发现daf-16b的基因敲除或age-1基因突变阻断PFOS的减寿效应.结果表明PFOS慢性暴露能加速动物衰老,缩短寿长.PFOS作用与IIS信号通路关系密切,daf-16b和age-1基因在其中起重要作用.     

通辽市中等以上降水总量的时空变化分析

利用通辽市七个站53a（1959—2011年）逐日降水量资料进行中等以上降水总量的时空变化特征分析.结果表明,地区平均和各地Rj≥10.0波动性大,而且各地差异较大,共同点是均为减少趋势,其中地区平均和库伦的减少趋势在0.05显著性水平以上,倾向率分别为-13.0mm/10a和-19.0mm/10a,开鲁通过了0.10水平检验,其余地区不明显;各地均符合赫斯特现象,且Hurst指数均大于0.5,预计未来将维持减少趋势,其中大沁他拉Hurst指数最大,未来维持减少趋势较强劲,库伦最小,其余在二者之间;阶段性明显,F值超过了0.001极显著水平,53a经历了多水—少水—多水—少水四个阶段;突变情况各地有较大差异,地区平均在1992年发生了突变,突变前后平均值相差37.8mm,科尔沁发生了两次突变,库伦、保康、鲁北发生了一次突变,其余三地未发生突变;地区平均值有三个周期,最明显周期为52a,次周期为4.33a,三周期对应2.17a.     

Germ-line transmission of a mutated p53 gene in a cancer-prone family with Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Tumour suppressor genes, whose usual function seems to be controlling normal cell proliferation, have been implicated in many inherited and sporadic forms of malignancies Much evidence supports the concept of tumour formation by loss-of-function mutations in suppressor genes, as predicted by the two-hit model of Knudson and DeMars. The suppressor gene, p53, is affected in such a manner by numerous mutations, which occur in a variety of human tumours. These mutations usually represent the loss of one allele and the substitution of a single base in the other. We have now analysed the p53 gene in a family affected by Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by the occurrence of diverse mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. In some instances the neoplasms seem to be related to exposure to carcinogens, including ionizing radiation. The Li-Fraumeni family that we studied had noncancerous skin fibroblasts (NSF) with an unusual radiation-resistant phenotype. DNA derived from the NSF cells of four family members, spanning two generations, had the same point mutation in codon 245 (GGC----GAC) of the p53 gene. This mutation leads to substitution of aspartic acid for glycine in one of the regions identified as a frequent target of point mutations in p53. The NSF cell lines with the mutation also retained the normal p53 allele. This inherited p53 mutation may predispose the members of this family to increased susceptibility to cancer.     

中华假磷虾线粒体DNA COI基因片段序列分析

采用苯酚-氯仿提取、异丙醇沉淀提取中华假磷虾基因组DNA;以相应引物经PCR扩增得到线粒体DNACOI片段;PCR产物采用化学法与载体(pGEM-TEasyVector)重组基因、热休克法转化重组质粒至感受态大肠杆菌(JM109)、氨苄LB培养基扩大培养;测序.结果表明,中华假磷虾线粒体COI碱基709bp,其碱基组成A、T、G、C含量分别为28 59%、35 35%、17 61%和18 45%(国际基因库索引号AY754819);与同科内其它3属10种磷虾的mtCOI基因片段核苷酸组成相似.     

Unexpectedly similar rates of nucleotide substitution found in male and female hominids

In 1947, it was suggested that, in humans, the mutation rate is dramatically higher in the male germ line than in the female germ line. This hypothesis has been supported by the observation that, among primates, Y-linked genes evolved more rapidly than homologous X-linked genes. Based on these evolutionary studies, the ratio (alpha(m)) of male to female mutation rates in primates was estimated to be about 5. However, selection could have skewed sequence evolution in introns and exons. In addition, some of the X-Y gene pairs studied lie within chromosomal regions with substantially divergent nucleotide sequences. Here we directly compare human X and Y sequences within a large region with no known genes. Here the two chromosomes are 99% identical, and X-Y divergence began only three or four million years ago, during hominid evolution. In apes, homologous sequences exist only on the X chromosome. We sequenced and compared 38.6 kb of this region from human X, human Y, chimpanzee X and gorilla X chromosomes. We calculated alpha(m) to be 1.7 (95% confidence interval 1.15-2.87), significantly lower than previous estimates in primates. We infer that, in humans and their immediate ancestors, male and female mutation rates were far more similar than previously supposed.     

一种人工免疫应答模型的研究及应用

提出一种基于生物免疫应答机理的人工免疫应答模型.它包括抗原匹配、克隆选择、变异、亲和力成熟等四个过程,通过克隆、变异过程实现抗体的多样性使所建立的系统具有较好的自适应能力,利用亲和力成熟过程完成知识的学习和积累.该模型具有运行参数少,稳定性好的特点,在提高数据压缩率和识别率方面具有较好的效果.     

小麦GLB1蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

以小麦主要过敏原Glb-1蛋白为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤NS-1细胞融合。采用细胞融合和有限稀释法相结合的方法快速筛选获得稳定分泌的特异性杂交瘤细胞株,用杂交瘤细胞株诱生小鼠腹水并用蛋白A亲和层析法纯化抗体后检测。采用间接ELISA法鉴定该单克隆抗体的IgG亚型;通过间接ELISA鉴定该单克隆抗体的特性和交叉性。利用双单抗夹心ELISA法检测单抗的抗原表位特异性。结果表明:共获得4株可稳定分泌小鼠抗小麦主要过敏原Glb-1蛋白的单克隆抗体,分别命名为1C4、4H5、1A9、4F5,经检测其Ig亚型均为IgG1,且4株单抗效价均在10-9以上。ELISA结果分析表明该4株单抗均能特异性识别小麦主要过敏原Glb-1蛋白且和其他常见食物无交叉反应性。将4株单抗两两配对进行ELISA实验,结果发现1C4与4H5可能有不同的抗原表位,以此建立的双抗夹心ELISA系统可以检测小麦Glb1-G3蛋白。实验成功制备了鼠抗小麦主要过敏原Glb-1蛋白抗原的单克隆抗体,并且建立了双单抗夹心ELISA检测系统,为小麦主要过敏原蛋白的检测奠定了基础。     

乌鲁木齐地区双壳缝目(Biraphidinales)硅藻的初步研究

2010年4月至6月对于乌鲁木齐周围部分地区的双壳缝目硅藻植物进行了调查研究,共采集到54号藻类标本,对其中硅藻植物的形态特征进行了鉴定、描述和绘图,发现双壳缝目(Biraphidinales)硅藻植物22种3变种,共25个分类单位,隶属于3科11属。其中舟形藻科(Naviculaceae)有7属,有茧形藻属1种,美壁藻属1种,双壁藻属1种,布纹藻属1种,舟形藻属4种,羽纹藻属4种,辐节藻属3种;桥穹藻科(Cymbellaceae)有2属,有桥穹藻属4种,有双眉藻属1种;异极藻科(Gomphonemaceae)有2属,有双楔藻属1种,有异极藻属3种1变种,属于新疆新记录的有11种1变种。     

纤维结合素多肽衍生物的化学合成及对骨髓瘤细胞株K562的体外抑制作用

应用固相多肽合成技术，人工合成了一种衍生于纤维结合素的六肽ＧＲＧＤＳＳ。用高效液相层析进行纯度鉴定，并观察六肽对骨髓瘤细胞株Ｋ５６２的体外抑制作用。实验结果表明，六肽在７２ｈ内对骨髓瘤细胞的抑制率为３１％；多肽的结构对功能有一定的影响。根据竞争抑制原理，设计和合成多功能的多肽可为临床医学治疗肿瘤开辟一个新的途径。