水质水量调控对浅水湖泊草藻转换过程影响分析

浅水湖泊生态系统存在以大型水生植物（草型）为主要初级生产者的清水稳态和以浮游藻类（藻型）为主要初级生产者的浊水稳态. 如何保证湖泊维持草型清水稳态,是湖泊富营养化治理的关键. 本研究以白洋淀为案例区,将水体中的沉水植物覆盖度与总磷质量浓度作为湖泊稳态类型的评价指标,建立湖泊草藻转换驱动机制模型,探究影响湖泊稳态转化进程的关键驱动因素. 结果表明:进水磷质量浓度和换水周期是影响湖泊草藻转换过程的重要参数。 进水磷质量浓度长期保持在0.19 g·m?3以上时,湖泊将最终演化为藻型稳态。降低进水磷质量浓度,能有效提高湖泊稳态沉水植被覆盖度,降低稳态总磷质量浓度;湖泊换水周期对稳态沉水植物覆盖度影响较大,减小换水周期,将有利于湖泊向草型演化; 同时,从水文管理角度出发,设定以沉水植被覆盖度为指标的不同草型稳态目标,依据换水周期法,计算得到各个稳态目标下,不同进水磷质量浓度下对应的最大换水周期. 可通过合理控制湖泊进水磷质量浓度,并依据不同进水磷质量浓度调整换水周期,控制湖泊平均出湖流量等水质水量调控措施,实现湖泊长期保持草型清水稳态,从而为白洋淀水利工程生态调度提供决策依据.      

湖泊富营养化过程中内源性营养盐释放规律的分析

通过采集3种典型营养级别湖泊沉积物,对其营养盐的释放规律进行研究.结果表明：在碱性条件下,富营养化湖泊沉积物中总磷、总氮释放量达到峰值;在中性条件下,富营养化湖泊沉积物中总有机碳释放量最大;在厌氧条件下,富营养化湖泊沉积物中氮、磷、COD的释放量最大.在平行实验条件下3个湖泊中的重度富营养化湖泊的氮、磷、COD的释放量最大.     

冲击波作用下多孔材料内的温度斑图动力学

强冲击作用过程中多孔材料内物理特征量(温度、密度、粒子速度、各种应力等)的分布极其复杂. 使用颗粒接触物质点方法对这类过程进行模拟, 对材料内复杂的温度场进行形态学分析, 引入“结构相似”和“过程相似”的概念, 对不同温度阈值条件下的特征结构极其演化过程进行比较研究. 发现: 在同一材料中, 如果冲击强度和温度阈值选取合适, 那么高温区域及其演化过程会表现出极其相似的特征. 当孔隙度较高时, 过程相似要求的温度阈值和冲击速度成二次抛物线关系; 随着孔隙度降低, 温度阈值随冲击速度升高的速率有所加快. 在不同材料中, 在冲击强度一定的情况下, 过程相似要求的温度阈值和孔隙度在一定范围内表现出幂律行为. 其他类型的特征结构可以按同样方式进行研究分析.     

武汉小南湖沉积物中不同形态磷的空间分布特征

研究了城市富营养化湖泊小南湖沉积物中不同赋存形态磷的水平空间变化和垂直方向分布。研究表明小南湖沉积物属于重度富营养状态,全湖区表层(0~20 cm)沉积物总磷(TP)的平均含量高达3.29 g/kg,其中位于污水处理厂附近的3#点ω(TP)高达6.42 g/kg,且表现出明显的表层富集现象。采用SMT法分析了沉积物中磷的赋存形态,其中无机磷(IP)是主要组成形式,含量为0.15~2.85 g/kg,约占ω(TP)的70%。受氧化还原条件影响,ω(IP)/ω(TP)的比例随着沉积物深度增加而减少。金属结合态磷以铁铝结合态(Fe/Al-P)为主,其含量在0.21~3.47 g/kg,而钙磷含量为0.09~1.42 g/kg,铁铝结合态磷的含量占总磷比例的60%以上。沉积物中的磷是主要的内源磷负荷,而无机磷是沉积物中可直接利用的磷形态,Fe/Al-P也是生物利用性较高的磷形态。小南湖沉积物属于释放风险较大的內源磷负荷,在将来的湖泊治理过程中应考虑合适的方法处理。     

桂林会仙湿地沉积物摇蚊种群特征与环境变化

桂林会仙湿地湖泊沉积物中摇蚊种群组合特征的分析显示:2004年之前,会仙湿地经历了自贫营养水平变化到富营养水平的过程,但是湿地的富营养水平相对较低,水生态系统相对稳定,水生植物比较繁茂,水质较好,并未达到水质明显恶化的阈值.1970年是会仙湿地营养水平发生变化的重要转折点.2004年左右,会仙湿地水生态系统发生了明显的改变.     

葡萄糖对水-沉积物微界面NH4^＋和O2流速影响的微电极原位监测

通过模拟实验,用微电极技术原位监测有机负荷(葡萄糖)对水-沉积物微界面NH4+和O2流速的变化,结果表明:1)有机负荷沉降提高了水-沉积物界面好氧微生物的活性,导致界面耗氧速率加快;2)有机负荷沉降,引起水-沉积物界面上NH4+流先由向水体释放转为向沉积物内流,后慢慢恢复到初始的释氮状态.     

内蒙古乌梁素海生态恢复工程试验研究

在典型草型富营养化湖泊内蒙古乌梁素海设立试验研究基地,进行较大规模的生态恢复工程试验,研究表明实施沉水植物收割工程是草型富营养化湖泊生态恢复的重要技术措施.以机械化方式收割沉水植物能够削减湖泊内源性营养物负荷的积累和释放,减少二次污染,抑制生物填平作用,改善水体环境.有计划、合理地运用生态恢复工程,不仅可以减轻草型湖泊所面临的巨大生态压力,延缓沼泽化演化进程,而且可以在实施生态工程的同时开发利用水生植物资源,使湖泊环境与湿地综合利用得到持续发展.     

滇池溶解氧浓度变化的氮磷循环响应模拟研究

基于滇池外海的三维水动力?水质模型, 模拟湖泊水动力及水质的动态过程, 识别湖泊水体中溶解氧特征, 并通过设置外部负荷削减情景, 探究溶解氧浓度对底泥内源释放以及氮磷循环的影响。结果表明: 1) 由于藻类爆发与水体氧传输受阻的共同作用, 滇池底层水体6—9月间存在较严重的缺氧现象; 2) 溶解氧调控底泥氮、磷营养物质的释放, 进而显著地影响底层水体中氮、磷浓度; 3) 滇池底层缺氧状况的改善对外部负荷削减要求较高; 4) 底泥的磷吸收?释放平衡点溶解氧浓度约为3.3 mg/L, 滇池水体中氮浓度的变化更易受外源负荷作用影响。     

原位覆盖对异龙湖底泥氮磷释放抑制效果的实验研究

底泥中埋藏的氮磷等营养物质二次释放作用是导致浅水湖泊富营养化难以根治的主要过程,因此,抑制底泥氮磷释放控制技术对于湖泊生态修复具有重要的现实意义.本研究以重度富营养高原浅水湖泊异龙湖为对象,通过开展为期36 d的底泥覆盖抑制氮磷释放试验,对比了生石灰+石膏(2∶1)、生石灰+石膏+红壤(2∶1∶1)、三氯化铁改性高岭土(1∶4)、无覆盖4种覆盖处理对氮磷释放的抑制效果,以期筛选出有效削减异龙湖内源负荷的覆盖材料与最优方案.试验结果表明：与无覆盖组相比,3种材料覆盖都可抑制底泥磷的释放,加入生石灰处理组的水体pH大幅上升,会破坏湖泊自然生境,不宜用于湖泊底泥生态修复;三氯化铁改性高岭土覆盖处理的抑磷效果达75.9%,可作为抑磷释放覆盖材料.同时相比无覆盖组,只有三氯化铁改性高岭土覆盖能抑制氮的释放,抑氮效果达64.1%,而其它两组处理对氮释放的抑制效果均不明显.因此,从抑制氮磷释放效果及其生态环境效应角度综合考虑,三氯化铁改性高岭土是最佳的覆盖材料,可为高原浅水富营养化湖泊的氮磷内源控制提供工程修复技术参考.     

内源污染对湖泊富营养化的作用及对策

富营养化是中国湖泊的重大环境问题.造成水体富营养化的污染来源可分为外源和内源.当湖泊的外源受到控制以后,由于沉积物中营养盐内负荷的存在和释放,湖泊仍然可以发生富营养化.这时,沉积物中的营养盐就成为湖泊富营养化的主导因子.文章主要就内源污染对富营养化的作用进行分析,并提出初步对策.     

长江流域重点湖泊的富营养化及防治

 近几十年,湖泊富营养化问题严峻,限制了流域社会经济可持续发展。为实施长江大保护,修复长江生态环境,推动长江经济带可持续发展,沿程湖泊富营养化问题亟需解决。本文以长江水系沿程6个重点湖泊为对象,探讨其富营养化历史演变特征、成因及控制对策。结果表明,长江流域6个主要湖泊的富营养化指数在近几年基本呈逐渐降低趋势,富营养化程度得到进一步改善。富营养化成因复杂,外源输入与内源释放是其主要原因,湖泊形态与水文条件也起了辅助作用：6个湖泊都是浅水湖泊,且多为封闭或半封闭状态,利于营养物质积累与藻类生长。对于外源中工业和生活源输入,其控制措施相对成熟,通过扩建污水处理厂、提高污水处理率及完善配套管网建设等措施,可大大减少入湖营养物含量;而外源中的面源污染则需通过种植结构调整、平衡施肥、生态工程（湿地、塘等）防治。对于内源释放,其治理过程相对复杂,目前主要有底泥疏浚、沉积物氧化、化学沉淀、底泥覆盖、微生物制剂、生物浮床等多种物理化学生物方法。但不同湖泊因其物理化学条件差异,适用方法也不同,故各湖采取的内源控制技术有待进一步论证。控制湖泊内外源营养盐输入的同时,进行流域生态修复并保障治理与管理并重,才能确保湖泊富营养化治理的长期有效性。     

红枫湖、百花湖水库底质总磷负荷及其对湖泊富营养化贡献

对红枫湖、百花湖水库沉积物及其磷储量的调查统计,结合近年来两湖频繁发生的水污染事件,研究了红枫湖、百花湖水库沉积物总磷含量分布及其总磷负荷对湖泊富营养化贡献,探讨了红枫湖、百花湖水库沉积物的释磷潜力。结果表明,红枫湖、百花湖沉积物中总磷含量分布由表层到底层进行递减堆积,沉积物已成为两湖近年来湖泊磷富营养化的内源。到2006年红枫湖、百花湖沉积物干重累积量分别为240.7万t、73.78万t,平均总磷含量为0.163%、0.174%,总磷储量已达3 924 t、1 284 t。当外界环境因素推动时,沉积物发生搅动造成磷大量释放,是两湖频繁发生湖泊大面积水华污染事件的主要原因。     

Application of chemical fractionation and X-ray powder diffraction to study phosphorus speciation in sediments from Lake Hongfeng,China

Based on the techniques of sequential extraction and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), the distribution characteristics of phosphorus speciation were investigated in 13 sediment samples from Lake Hongfeng, an important drinking water source for Guiyang with a typical karstic limestone environment. The total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the sediments ranged from 973.36 to 2334.18 mg/kg with a mean concentration of 1635.87 mg/kg (dry weight), and it was evident that the phosphorus level in the sediments was high compared with other eutrophic lakes such as Lake Chaohu and Lake Xihu. The results of the two methods, sequential extraction and XRD, demonstrated the presence of different phosphorus species in the lake sediments. Being compatible with local geophysical characteristics, the results of sequential extraction techniques indicate that the average percentages of dissolved phosphorus (DP), aluminum-bound phosphorus (Al-P), iron-bound phosphorus (Fe-P), calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) and organic phosphorus (OP) in the sediments were 0.40%, 7.06%, 5.07%, 45.48% and 38.49%, respectively. Notably, the concentrations of inorganic phosphorus (IP) were higher than those of OP, and the IP consisted primarily of Ca-P. The high concentrations of Ca-P may temporarily control the release of phosphorus from the sediments because it is a relatively stable, inert and non-bioavailable phosphorus fraction. The results of XRD analysis indicated that, among phosphorus species, AlPO₄ was found in all sediment samples at relatively high concentrations. Moreover, the TP concentrations in the sediments were high; thus the release potential and bioavailability of phosphorus in the sediments was important. Further statistical analyses of the results revealed significant correlations between phosphorus species in the sediments with two extractable principal components and four selectable cluster levels allowing interpretation of possible origins of phosphorus loading and transformation mechanisms of phosphorus species. Furthermore, available remediation measures were briefly assessed for the lake while considering its distinct environmental features.     

细微泥沙在活性污泥系统中的迁移模型

在不同进水细微泥沙负荷条件下,以质量守恒为基础,建立了活性污泥系统中细微泥沙的迁移模型.研究表明,影响期混合液中细微泥沙浓度与进水细微泥沙浓度、细微泥沙可悬浮比例、污泥龄、水力停留时间及影响时间有关,恢复期混合液中细微泥沙浓度与恢复开始时混合液细微泥沙浓度、污泥龄、及恢复时间有关.通过模型计算影响期各系统中细微泥沙浓度平均相对误差为11.7%~24.6%,恢复期为29.1%~46.0%;污泥中挥发性悬浮固体含量平均相对误差为0.9%~7.3%;恢复期为2.3%~34.4%.混合液中细微泥沙最大浓度、细微泥沙淤积速率与进水细微泥沙负荷呈正比关系.     

Mechanism and control of lake eutrophication

China is rich in lakes. The total lake area is 91000 km2 in which approximately one third, namely 27000 km2, is the fresh water lake[1]. In these fresh water lakes, about 16558 km2 (accounting for 60% of total fresh water lake area) is located in the midd…     

Dynamics of sediment resuspension and the conceptual schema of nutrient release in the large shallow Lake Taihu,China

On the basis of investigations in situ, it was found that mass exchange on the water-sediment interface occurred chiefly on the superficial sediment within 5-10 cm. The spatial physicochemical character of sediment was distributed uniformly. The observation of lake currents and waves indicated that the dynamic sources, which act on the interface of water and sediment, came mainly from waves under strong wind forcing, while the critical shear stresses     

Hydrodynamic process of Tibetan Plateau lake revealed by grain size: Case study of Pumayum Co

Under the background of global warming,some lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are potentially sensitive to temperature change.With a case study of Pumayum Co,where glacier meltwater is important to supply(we call this a glacier-fed lake hereafter),we analyze the sensitivity of lake sediment grain size to temperature change.This is done by resolving the modern hydrodynamic process,coupled with comparison of paleoclimatic proxies.According to the spatial distributions of parameters,percentage of grain size and the grain size frequency distribution curve,hydrodynamic processes are analyzed.Five clastic sedimentation types are thereby discriminated.In the open lake area,suspended load transport is the main transport agent.Grain Size Trend Analysis(GSTA),a sediment dynamics model,reveals a trend toward eastward transport.This indicates that the largest and glacier-fed river,the Jiaqu River,influences the entire lake(not just the subsurface alluvial fan),and that lake sediment grain size may serve as a temperature indicator.Time series comparison between grain size of a short core from the central lake and meteorological data confirms this temperature indication,which in turn shows reliability of the method discriminating the hydrodynamic process.This case study will improve the ability of paleoclimatic reconstruction using lake sediment in glacier-fed lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.     

An analysis on the evolvement processes of lake eutrophication and their characteristics of the typical lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River

Many lakes of China are in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially freshwater lakes, and their formation and evolvement are closely related to the change of water system and anthropic activity. In the recent decades, with the intensi…