水动力作用下河湖沉积物污染物释放研究进展

水动力作用会增强底泥沉积物-水界面的剪切效应,并引起上覆水和沉积物的理化性质(溶解氧、pH、氧化还原电位等)发生变化,从而影响甚至改变污染物的释放规律。鉴于水动力的重要性,对动水作用下营养盐、重金属、持久性有机物的释放机制以及影响释放过程的主要因素进行了阐述,解析了过去研究中存在的不足,指出多次水动力扰动下沉积物再悬浮以及再分配行为响应机制、水动力作用与沉积物中多种污染物释放的协同或拮抗的耦合机制、水动力与水生植物共同胁迫作用下污染物释放的微观机制以及基于复杂条件下的沉积物污染物释放动力学模型构建是本领域需进一步研究的重点。     

内源污染对湖泊富营养化的作用及对策

富营养化是中国湖泊的重大环境问题.造成水体富营养化的污染来源可分为外源和内源.当湖泊的外源受到控制以后,由于沉积物中营养盐内负荷的存在和释放,湖泊仍然可以发生富营养化.这时,沉积物中的营养盐就成为湖泊富营养化的主导因子.文章主要就内源污染对富营养化的作用进行分析,并提出初步对策.     

长江口崇明东滩冬季沉积物水界面营养盐通量

对长江口崇明东滩冬季沉积物中营养盐早期成岩过程和沉积物 水界面营养盐通量及其影响因素进行了研究.其中,高潮滩对各项营养盐均有显著吸收,中潮滩主要表现为对TIN和SiO2-3的释放,低潮滩由于受到局部水动力作用影响,营养盐通量存在较大不确定性.分子扩散作用对沉积物 水界面营养盐通量的贡献不大.由于潮滩对于水体PO3-4浓度的影响能力高于对TIN和SiO2-3的影响能力,潮滩能够在一定程度上促进水体中N/P和Si/P比的增加.     

Direct evidence of phosphorus outbreak release from sediment to overlying water in a large shallow lake caused by strong wind wave disturbance

Concentration variations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (SRP), and algae available phosphorus (AAP) in overlying water were observed during the coldest week in a year in Lake Taihu, a large shallow lake in China. Water samples at different water depths were collected with wind speeds of 8, 12, 0 and 0 m/s on 23, 24, 26 and 30 January 2004, respectively. On 23 January 2004, SS concentration increased to 258 mg/L with a wind speed of 8 m/s lasting for 1 h. SS concentration kept increasing and reached to 507 mg/L when the strong wind lasted for 24 h and the peak value of wind-speed reached to 12 m/s on 24 January 2004. On 26 January 2004, SS concentrution decreased to 51 mg/L with the wind speed smaller than 2 m/s lasting for about half a day. Then after five continuous waveless days, SS concentration decreased to 21 mg/L on 30 January 2004. The observed results confirmed that sediments in Lake Taihu would be intensively suspended if the surface wind speed is greater than 8 m/s, and the magnitude of SS would increase with increasing wind-speed. Coupled with the intensive sediment suspending, concentrations of TP, DTP and SRP on 23 January were 0.210, 0.048 and 0.035 mg/L, respectively. And they were 0.299, 0.054 and 0.026 mg/L on 24 January, which were significantly higher than those on 26 and 30 January. SRP concentration on 23 January was twice as high as that observed on 30 January. It indicates that the strong wind may result in an outbreak release of phosphorus. Moreover, AAP contents in suspended solids were 132, 97 and 226 mg/kg on 23, 24 and 26 January, respectively. Therefore, it could be estimated that this strong wind process resulted in 987 t of TP, 80 t of SRP and 167 t of AAP releasing from sediments into overlying water. Since such strong wind process is frequent in the area of Lake Taihu, dynamical release driven by wind-induced wave disturbance may be the main mode for internal release of phosphorus. It must have important effects on the nutrient supply during Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu.     

营养盐对天津市景观水体环境质量的影响

讨论了天津景观水体生态环境营养盐的污染特征、营养比例以及空间变化规律,分析了各水期营养盐变化及其对生态系统的影响,剖析了生态系统对胁迫因子的响应机理,分析了水体内部的生物代谢过程,及总磷和浮游生物的生长与气候、换水、降雨、沉积物、人为干扰之间的联系.结果表明：天津市景观水体出水口的营养盐含量高于上游来水;无机氮、总氮、可溶性磷酸盐、总磷全年变化规律为,丰水期〉平水期〉枯水期;天塔湖总氮、总磷的季节变化与河道相似,可溶性磷酸盐、无机氮季节变化与河道相反,丰水期低于平水期;与2000年改造之初相比,天津景观水体存在着富营养化加重的趋势.     

波浪影响下近底高浓度泥沙水运动的动力学模拟

波浪影响下的近岸海底泥沙水运动,特别是近底高含沙率泥水层,对泥沙的再悬浮和沉淀起着至关重要的作用．假定底部高浓度泥沙水为牛顿流体,利用N-S流体运动理论,采用VOF法追踪水-气界面和水-泥沙水的相界面运动,模拟了波浪作用下泥水层内的动力学响应．结果表明：泥水层的响应与主体海水波动不同,为研究底部泥沙再悬浮和底部条纹形成打下了基础;VOF法能较好地追踪水-气和水-泥沙水相界面运动的多相界面问题;同时界面间存在互相作用,即水-气界面波动对水。泥沙水界面有较大影响,而水-泥沙水界面对水-气界面影响很小     

Suspended particulate matter in Jiaozhou Bay： Properties and variations in response to hydrodynamics and pollution

Based on water samples collected and observations of currents, tidal levels as well as turbidities taken, respectively over a period of 15 and 7 d, in southwestern Jiaozhou Bay on August, 2001, it was found that: ( i ) the average content of non mineral component amounted to 87% of the suspended sediment matter (SPM) in Jiaozhou Bay,much higher than in estuaries and bays where turbidity is high and mineral particulates dominates; (ii) in contrast to high turbid bays, SPM was generally coarser than bed deposits and in upper water column than in lower water column in Jiaozhou Bay; (iii) in fair weathers, suspended sediment concentration (SPC) varied regularly within tidal cycles and neap-spring cycles, but the regularity was deformed in storms; and (iv) SPC was controlled by settling/resuspension near the bed and by advection at the surface at the study site with a depth of 20 m, suggesting weak vertical exchanges. It was concluded that SPM property of a low turbid bay is sensitive to pollution, and that the maintenance of low turbidity in the bay depends on less SPM supply, low waves and currents, and controlling on discharge of particulate pollutants.     

底泥-上覆水界面污染物释放机制的数值模拟

当外源污染受到控制后, 河流与湖泊底泥中的污染物可能会引起上覆水的再次污染. 在上覆水流动不致底泥起动悬浮的条件下, 数值模拟了底泥中污染物在底泥-上覆水界面向上覆水释放的机制. 采用k-ε模型计算了上覆水的湍流流动, 并采用 Darcy 定律描述了多孔介质中的渗流, 这里底泥被看成是各向同性均匀多孔介质; 耦合计算了上覆水和底泥中孔隙水的定常流动, 并基于流场计算结果, 数值计算了非定常溶质迁移扩散过程; 数值研究了平整底泥-上覆水界面以及底泥-上覆水界面为周期性三角状时, 污染物由底泥向上覆水释放的规律. 研究结果表明, 底泥中孔隙水与上覆水的交换是决定底泥中污染物向上覆水释放量的重要因素.     

Remobilization of heavy metals during the resuspension of Liangshui River sediments using an annular flume

The release and transport of heavy metals(Ni,Cr,Cu and Pb) from Liangshui River sediments into the overlying water column during the resuspension event were determined using an annular flume with a velocity ranging from 0.15 to 0.35 m/s.It is shown that the suspended particulate matters(SPM) increased as much as nearly 25 times from 165 to 4220 mg/L as the velocity increased.Heavy metals showed an increase in dissolved phase as the velocity increased due to their desorption from the SPM.Acid-soluble heavy metals increased as the velocity increased,indicating that part of the heavy metals transformed from stable phase to labile phase during resuspension.Heavy metal concentrations in the SPM on volume normalization increased by approximately 2-6 times.However,on the mass weighted basis they decreased,approaching the bulk-sediment contents at high velocity,due to the "particle concentration effect".The distribution coefficients(K D) of heavy metals were higher at slower velocity during the sediment resuspension,which could be attributed to the decrease of fine particles(silt/clay fraction) during resuspension.     

吕泗上升流观测和动力机制模拟分析

基于2000年8月长江口外现场观测的分析,首次发现在长江口外吕泗附近存在着上升流现象.该上升流将下层的冷水和营养盐带向上层,对海区的环境和生态具有重 要的影响.为了解该上升流的动力机制,作者利用基于ECOM_si建立的一个水平球面坐标系的高分辨率湍流闭合的三维环流数值模式研究该上升流现象.该模式计算区域包括东海、黄海和渤海,考虑实际岸线和水深.在综合考虑风应力、开边界体积通量和密度梯度力的情况下,模拟结果再现了吕泗海区的上升流现象,与观测结果较为一致.数值试验结果表明,产生该处上升流的动力机制主要是盐淡水混合产生的斜压效应,风应力的作用较弱,边界水体积通量产生的正压效应不起作用.倾斜的底形与斜压效应、风应力的联合作用使吕泗海区的上升流更明显.     

The role of sediment resuspension duration in release of PAHs

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Due to their low water solubility and high hydrophobicity, PAHs are rapidly sorbed onto particles and subsequently deposit in sediments once introduced into aquatic environment. In such a way, sediments become a huge sink for PAHs. During sediment resuspension, the potential exists for PAHs to be released from sediments into water. Sediment resuspension plays an important role in the transportation and fate of PAHs in the aquatic environment. In this study, release behavior of PAHs on Yangtze River sediment during resuspension was investigated using a particle entrainment simulator （PES）. The role of resuspension duration on release of 16 PAHs was measured by resuspending sediment for 12 h at 0.2 and 0.5N/m^2, respectively. Results indicated that PAH concentrations in TSS increase over time with more increase of phenanthrene and 4-ring PAHs. Comparing with 0.2 N/m2 （30%）, TPAHs concentrations in TSS demonstrated remarkable increase during 0.5 N/m2 resuspension （37%）. Dissolved PAH concentrations increased throughout the duration with more increase of 2-3 ring PAHs （50%-88%）. Dissolved PAH concentrations showed remarkable increase during 0.5 N/m^2 resuspension （50%）. Moreover, PAH concentrations in overlying water throughout the duration of resuspension were higher than toxic effects threshold values in drinking water developed by WHO, which may cause toxic effect on ecosystem.     

Of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake

The effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake under different conditions were investigated by simulation test. Results showed that the net flux of NH4^ -N re-lease from sediments increased with pH, but NO3^- -N showed negative-going release at all tested pH levels.The net flux of NH4^ -N release from sediments was higher under anaerobic or aerobic condition of the overly-ing water, but only under aerobic condition would net release of NO3^- -N occur. It was also shown that phos-phorus released was mainly in its inorganic form, higher pH and anaerobic conditions of overlying water greatly stimulated release of phosphorus. In situ measurement at several West Lake locations indicated that sediment resuspension induced by boat propeller stimulated nutrients release from sediment into overlying water.     

滇池溶解氧浓度变化的氮磷循环响应模拟研究

基于滇池外海的三维水动力?水质模型, 模拟湖泊水动力及水质的动态过程, 识别湖泊水体中溶解氧特征, 并通过设置外部负荷削减情景, 探究溶解氧浓度对底泥内源释放以及氮磷循环的影响。结果表明: 1) 由于藻类爆发与水体氧传输受阻的共同作用, 滇池底层水体6—9月间存在较严重的缺氧现象; 2) 溶解氧调控底泥氮、磷营养物质的释放, 进而显著地影响底层水体中氮、磷浓度; 3) 滇池底层缺氧状况的改善对外部负荷削减要求较高; 4) 底泥的磷吸收?释放平衡点溶解氧浓度约为3.3 mg/L, 滇池水体中氮浓度的变化更易受外源负荷作用影响。     

Interpreting grain-size trends associated with bedload transport on the intertidal flats at Dafeng, central Jiangsu coast

IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, IT IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY THE NET SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAY BECAUSE OF THE COMPLICATED HYDRODYNAMICS AND SEDIMENT SOURCES. GAO AND COLLINS HAVE RE-EXAMINED A 1-D MODEL ORIGI- NALLY DERIVED BY MCLAREN AND BOWLES AND DEVE…     

鄱阳湖流域底泥微生物对环境变量的响应

以鄱阳湖流域4个支流共6个地点(信江XS1、信江下水湾XS3、饶河RS、饶河内湖RHS、修水SS、赣江GS)的底泥样品为研究对象,利用16 S rRNA基因扩增技术探究底泥微生物对环境变量的响应.结果显示:6个采样点的底泥样品的微生物群落结构大致分为4类; 底泥的pH值、TOC、TN、TP和重金属含量对微生物群落结构及微生物多样性存在着显著的影响.4条河流底泥微生物多样性指数顺序为赣江>信江>修水>饶河,同时发现饶河的Cu、Zn含量在4条河流中最高,这说明高Cu、Zn会对微生物多样性产生负面的影响; 河流与其所对应湖区底泥样品中微生物多样性指数比较发现:饶河>饶河内湖,信江下水湾>信江,这种结果顺序的不一致主要是由底泥中营养物质含量不同和某些重金属元素胁迫导致的.     

浅海网箱养殖自身污染营养盐主要来源

营养盐的过度积聚是富营养化的主要表现,而以富营养化和底层生物沉积为主要特征的浅海网箱养殖自身污染是制约网箱养殖业健康发展的瓶颈之一.浅海网箱养殖中养殖生物、污损生物和野生鱼类等排泄,水-土界面营养盐的交换是养殖系统自身污染营养盐的主要来源.而开展鱼类环境动态负荷、污损生物及其他生物的资源量与生态效应,颗粒物/沉积物中营养盐再生等是进行自身污染营养盐来源研究的主要问题.     

引江济太调水工程对太湖水动力的调控效果

为研究引江济太调水工程对太湖水动力调控所产生的效果,采用数学模型对其水动力进行模拟.利用环境流体动力学模型(EFDC模型),以湖体水龄(描述湖泊水体交换速率的参数)为研究对象,系统地研究引江济太调水工程对太湖水动力的调控情况.结果表明:(a)引江济太调水工程对太湖湖体水动力过程的作用效果很大程度上取决于风速、风向以及出入湖的流量;(b)太湖湖体水龄的分布具有很强的时空异质性,夏天的平均水龄约为130d,其他季节的平均水龄约为230d;(c)太湖地区夏天的主导风向——东南风能够促进东部湖区(无锡、苏州水源地所在地)和梅梁湾湖区(太湖重污染区)的水交换,改善水体运动条件;(d)望虞河入湖的最经济调水流量为100m3/s.     

西北太平洋2001-2014年热带气旋结构变化的环境垂直风切变和水汽场统计

利用Best Track资料、TRMM卫星资料和NCEP再分析资料中2001—2014年西北太平洋海域385个热带气旋(TC)的4967个观测记录, 将TC结构变化分成9类, 并分析 TC结构变化对垂直风切变和水汽场的响应。结果表明, 西北太平洋强度增大的TC主要伴随东风切变, 强度减小的TC主要伴随西风切变。在较强的垂直风切变(v > 5 m/s)作用下, TC的结构变化没有明显的水汽异常; 而在较弱的垂直风切变(v ≤ 5 m/s)作用下, “增强增大” (“缩小减弱”)的TC伴随着正(负)水汽异常。     

Study of CH4 and CO oxidation from electrochemical method

THE TWO FACTORS USED FOR EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF CATALYST ARE I) THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVE SITE PARTICIPATING IN THE REACTION, I.E. THE AREA OF REDOX PEAKS; AND II) THE REGENERATION FREQUENCY OF ACTIVE SITE IN THE REACTION, I.E. THE MATCH OF REDOX POTENTIALS. THE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH FACTOR HAS ITS OWN STRONG POINT IN DIFFERENT REACTIONS, WHILE CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV) IS A SUITA…     

长江口南港底沙再悬浮特征及其浓度预测

利用声学悬沙浓度剖面仪（ACP-1）和Endeco流速仪、双频测深仪等对长江口南港底沙再悬浮的浓度、流速和盐度、水深等进行连续14h定点同步观测。对长江口南港底沙再悬浮特征及其影响因子进行综合分析，结果表明：转流阶段再悬浮频率较小，强度较大；涨（落）急阶段，再悬浮频率较大，强度较小；过滤阶段，再悬浮频率和强度随流速同相变化；底沙再悬浮浓度的主要影响因子是盐度、流速、水深和悬沙粒径。再悬浮浓度与流速、盐度、水深和悬沙粒径的线性回归关系显，相关系数达0.91，且流速、水深和粒径与之呈正相关，盐度与之呈负相关。