Conflict adaptation in the perception of emotional valence in a Stroop task

Interference effects are commonly observed when conflicts arise between task-relevant and task-irrelevant dimensions of stimuli. Compared with responses to congruent trials in which the two dimensions are compatible, responses to incongruent trials are usually slower and less accurate. Moreover, the performance in a given trial is affected by the nature of the preceding trial, in that the interference effect for the current incongruent trial is reduced when it follows an incongruent trial than when it follows a congruent one. This conflict adaptation effect has been generally ascribed to the functioning of the cognitive control system, in which higher controls are recruited after conflicts to further constrain the processing of the task-irrelevant dimension. However, due to its uniqueness in neural and cognitive processes, whether the perception of emotional valence shows the same conflict adaptation effect in the conflicting context is an open question. This study adopted a variant of the Stroop task in which the task-relevant dimension was the affective facial expression while the task-irrelevant dimension was the meaning of an emotional word superimposed on the face. Results suggest that the perception of emotional valence in the conflicting context can have aspects that are both similar and dissimilar to the control of conflict for non-emotional information. The capturing of attention by emotional information can alter the functioning of the cognitive control system.     

目标和干扰刺激不同步的情绪冲突效应研究

采用情绪启动范式，考察了目标和干扰刺激不同步的情况下是否会出现情绪冲突，以及可能造成的特殊效应。结果发现：1）“不同步”的情绪刺激也能导致情绪冲突效应；2）除了情绪冲突现象中存在经典的“冲突调整效应”外，还发现了一类特殊的序列调整效应---试次（trial）间的一致性效应；3）上述效应的出现与否与目标刺激的呈现时间密切相关。该结果表明，刺激的呈现时间是情绪冲突现象中一个重要的变量。     

Visual control of action but not perception requires analytical processing of object shape

The visual perception of object shape depends on 'holistic' processing in which a given dimension cannot be perceptually isolated from the other dimensions of the object. The visual control of action (such as grasping an object), however, which is mediated by cortical areas that are largely independent of those mediating conscious perception, must take into account only the most action-relevant dimension of an object without being misled by other non-relevant object features. Here we report the results of two experiments showing that vision for perception and vision for action deal with objects in a fundamentally different manner. We tested participants' ability to make perceptual judgements of the width of different rectangular objects or to grasp them across their width, while in both cases ignoring length. Participants could not ignore length when making perceptual judgements of width but they could completely ignore length when grasping the same objects. These results suggest that in situations in which the elementary dimensions of an object's shape are perceived in a holistic manner, the same dimensions are treated analytically when a visually guided action is directed at that same object.     

有限维状态冲突算法及应用研究

根据有限维冲突状态原理，通过对排课过程中出现的关于教师、时间、教室和教学班级之间的多维冲突分析及对这些冲突的复杂度削弱研究，提出了网络环境下高校综合排课算法；同时依据此算法可以对学校的教育资源的可用度进行评估，为高校的管理提供了科学的决策依据。     

基于资源访问序列的在线学习者认知冲突建模与识别

为了解在线学习者在遭遇高程度认知冲突网络学习行为的变化,并探究免传感器条件下基于行为序列的预测模型在识别正遭遇认知冲突的学习者的可行性,本文通过聚类分析和过程挖掘,研究了学习者的资源访问模式具有的差异化特点.研究发现,当学习者遭遇高程度的认知冲突时,两者均表现出了大量的回溯型导航行为,但其行为模式仍保持固有的学习策略,并基于学习者的资源访问序列构建认知冲突识别模型.实验结果验证了该方法的可行性.     

商标权与商号权的偶合性冲突及其解决

知识产权的权利冲突已成为一个寻常现象,其中的商标权与商号权的冲突纠纷则更为普遍。然而,在愈演愈烈的商标权与商号权的权利冲突纠纷中,有一类偶合性的权利冲突应引起学界和司法实务界的广泛关注与重视,即案件中权利冲突的原因并不出自原被告双方主体,即原被告双方主观上并没有混淆的故意,而是由于客观上我国商号和商标登记管理制度的不完善而引发的权利冲突。我国地域辽阔,行政区域众多,商事登记的条块管理制度存在弊端。究竟应如何妥善处理此类偶合性的权利冲突纠纷,保护在先权利原则等处理知识产权冲突的基本原则能否适用于此类纠纷,这些问题都是值得研究的。     

食品安全事件心理表征初探

探讨了公众对食品安全事件的心理表征结构。通过在网上收集数据(598) , 对食品安全事件的心理表征结构进行了探索性和验证性因素分析。结果发现, 公众对食品安全事件的心理表征可分为认知维度和情绪维度, 认知维度包括行业信任、风险估计、负面影响和责任归因4个子维度, 而情绪维度则为单一的负性情绪。对食品安全事件心理表征结构进行了分析, 并讨论了研究的理论和实践意义。     

医患会话中冲突性话语的顺应性研究

以医患会话中的冲突性话语为分析对象,探讨了冲突性话语的语言表现形式,并基于Verschueren的语言顺应论,从心理世界、社交世界和物理世界三个维度分析了冲突性话语的动态顺应性特征,指出积极的顺应可以缓和冲突,促使交际顺利进行。从顺应论视角分析此类语言现象,旨在揭示医患冲突的语言运行机理,从而为和谐医患关系的构建提供理论借鉴。     

Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), on the medial surface of the frontal lobes of the brain, is widely believed to be involved in the regulation of attention. Beyond this, however, its specific contribution to cognition remains uncertain. One influential theory has interpreted activation within the ACC as reflecting 'selection-for-action', a set of processes that guide the selection of environmental objects as triggers of or targets for action. We have proposed an alternative hypothesis, in which the ACC serves not to exert top-down attentional control but instead to detect and signal the occurrence of conflicts in information processing. Here, to test this theory against the selection-for-action theory, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain activation during performance of a task where, for a particular subset of trials, the strength of selection-for-action is inversely related to the degree of response conflict. Activity within the ACC was greater during trials featuring high levels of conflict (and weak selection-for-action) than during trials with low levels of conflict (and strong selection-for-action), providing evidence in favour of the conflict-monitoring account of ACC function.     

Case-based Reasoning in Conflict Negotiation in Concurrent Engineering

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基于谓词冲突图的死锁检测

在分布式多数据库环境下,局部站点数据库自治性使其只能对本地站点上事务进行并发控制而无法防止全局事务间的冲突和死锁发生,故采用谓词冲突检测技术来判断全局事务间的直接和间接冲突,为此,提出了多粒度的谓词冲突图构建方法,从而使并发控制粒度达到谓词级,分析了冲突的全局事务在谓词冲突图中形成死锁的各种情况并通过检测图中是否形成环来避免全局事务在执行中可能产生的死锁,不仅减小死锁冲突检测粒度,而且还提高了全局事务执行的并发度.     

空中交通控制的冲突探测算法

针对快速增长的空中交通流量和空中飞行安全的要求,给出了一种综合改进的冲突探测算法,该算法综合了确定型冲突探测方法和概率型冲突探测方法在工程应用中的优点,考虑了空管规则和简单的过滤算法,引入了持续探测方法。综合改进的冲突探测算法对即将发生冲突的飞机对提前做出预测和报警,减轻管制员工作负担,从而避免冲突的发生,确保飞行安全。最后,结合中国某国际机场的实际数据,利用该算法对实际空域进行实时冲突探测,取得较好的效果。     

儿童Stroop效应加工阶段特点的事件相关电位研究

选用小学六年级儿童为被试者,采用事件相关电位研究了Stroop效应的时间进程。实验中要求被试者判断在计算机屏幕中央出现的汉字颜色,并尽可能又快又准地按下相应的键,同时使用32导电极帽记录被试者的脑电信号。结果除了发现反应时的Stroop效应;还发现在汉字出现后大约300 ms左右,颜色与语义不一致的汉字诱发的P300比其它两种条件的波幅要大、潜伏期要晚;在汉字出现大约400 ms之后引发了一个慢波,不一致条件和控制条件引起的慢波波幅在头皮顶部比一致条件大。结果说明儿童Stroop效应的产生是一个复杂过程,干扰效应是早期颜色识别和后期反应选择两个阶段共同作用的结果,而促进效应则发生在后期的反应选择阶段。     

Processing of nonegocentric spatial distance and social distance in a flanker task

Psychological distance in the Construal Level Theory refers to an egocentric distance from a stimulus to here, now, oneself, and reality. Yet, nonegocentric distance between two stimuli independent from the perceiver is also common, and nonegocentric spatial and social dimensions are rarely compared. Using an Eriksen flanker paradigm, we examined how the nonegocentric spatial and social distance may be processed. Participants were asked to classify the central target flanked by distractors which were identical to the target or were different words associated with congruent or incongruent responses with the target. We manipulated the spatial or social distance between these two pairs of words which were mapped to different responses, and found that the nonegocentric spatial distance between the stimuli affected the flanker effect, whereas the nonegocentric social distance did not show such a significant effect.     

本土性适应：藏族特殊婚姻形态法律文化的解释向度

藏族特殊婚姻形态法律文化的形成有其深刻和复杂的动因,单纯地通过对法律形式理性的片面认知,容易污名化这种在藏区农牧区非常适应的本土化的婚姻习惯,导致不必要的冲突和对立。藏族作为中华民族不可或缺的重要成员,其特殊婚姻形态法律文化是适应青藏高原特殊地理环境的生存策略和选择,是一种本土性适应。将藏族特殊婚姻形态法律文化定性为“落后说”、“野蛮说”、“残余说”是受时代局限的产物。在性质上定性为“本土适应论”更为适宜。这对于我国建立稳定、和谐、有序的民族关系,缓解民族冲突大有裨益。     

基于速率的认知无线网络低复杂度宽带频谱接入算法

为解决认知无线网络中宽带频谱感知模式的计算量大和感知时间延长等问题,提出了一种基于速率的认知无线网络低复杂度宽带频谱感知算法。在宽带频谱感知的基础上,设定选择条件,对信道的期望传输速率进行比较,确定需要感知的信道,以实现减少认知无线网络次用户系统的信道感知时间和感知计算量的目标。经过仿真实验分析对比表明,该算法可以有效地平衡次用户系统吞吐量最大化和主用户系统的干扰之间的矛盾。     

Human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurons mediate ongoing behavioural adaptation

The ability to optimize behavioural performance when confronted with continuously evolving environmental demands is a key element of human cognition. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), which lies on the medial surface of the frontal lobes, is important in regulating cognitive control. Hypotheses about its function include guiding reward-based decision making, monitoring for conflict between competing responses and predicting task difficulty. Precise mechanisms of dACC function remain unknown, however, because of the limited number of human neurophysiological studies. Here we use functional imaging and human single-neuron recordings to show that the firing of individual dACC neurons encodes current and recent cognitive load. We demonstrate that the modulation of current dACC activity by previous activity produces a behavioural adaptation that accelerates reactions to cues of similar difficulty to previous ones, and retards reactions to cues of different difficulty. Furthermore, this conflict adaptation, or Gratton effect, is abolished after surgically targeted ablation of the dACC. Our results demonstrate that the dACC provides a continuously updated prediction of expected cognitive demand to optimize future behavioural responses. In situations with stable cognitive demands, this signal promotes efficiency by hastening responses, but in situations with changing demands it engenders accuracy by delaying responses.     

父母教养方式对中学生主观幸福感的影响

选取298名中学生,采用问卷调查法,考察父母教养方式对中学生主观幸福感的影响。结果发现:父母教养方式在情感温暖、理解维度上性别差异显著。父亲教养方式在惩罚、严厉,偏爱被试,过度保护维度上性别差异显著,在拒绝否认维度上存在城乡差异,在情感惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、过度保护三个维度上存在年级差异。中学生的主观幸福感存在城乡差异。父亲教养方式在情感温暖、理解维度上与中学生主观幸福感呈显著正相关;母亲教养方式在过度干涉、过度保护维度及拒绝、否认维度和惩罚、严厉维度上与中学生主观幸福感呈显著负相关,在偏爱被试维度上与主观幸福感呈显著正相关。     

基于生活世界的历史街区居民地方依恋研究——以新疆伊宁前进街为例

以新疆伊宁市前进街为案例地, 通过地方依恋相关的定量分析, 结合质性访谈和Mapping绘制, 对前进街居民认知的生活世界构成展开实证研究。依据地方依恋主成分分析, 得出20道问卷题目和5个主成分(情感联结、社会联结、环境感知、生活体验和工作联结), 量表整体结构良好, 具有较好的稳定性和鉴别度。基于生活世界理论内涵, 进一步得出由情感联结、社会联结和物质联结三维度构成的生活世界?地方依恋模型。该模型与文化景观遗产研究中价值特征要素相结合, 能够强化对历史街区保护与发展中的公众参与机制和动态管理的关注。     

“冷-热”与“热-冷”共情鸿沟效应的均衡性

采用经典范式考察了2种共情鸿沟效应在价值属性和知觉属性上的均衡性,结果发现:(1)生理饥饿状态下预测饱餐时的食物价值会显著高于生理饱餐时对相同食物的价值,而生理饱餐状态下预测饥饿时的食物价值会显著低于生理饥饿时对相同食物的价值,但2种共情鸿沟效应大小没有显著差异;(2)2种共情鸿沟效应的知觉属性具有部分均衡性:在认知属性上,2种共情鸿沟效应表现出均衡性;在情绪属性上,"热-冷"共情鸿沟效应的显著大于"冷-热"共情鸿沟效应.