甲烷氧化偶联催化剂和部分氧化反应机理的原位及非原位谱学表征

采用原痊红外和原位显微Raman光谱技术及XPS、吡啶（Py)吸附的漫反射UV谱、Py-TPD、CO2-TPD等方法对含氟稀土基催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联（OCM）反应活性氧物种、催化剂表面酸碱性进行了考察。在O2预处理和/或工作条件下的SrF2/La2O3,SrF2/Nd2O3,LaOF,BaF2/LaOF和BaF2/CeO2等催化剂上原位观测到超氧物种（O2^-),并在其中前4种催化剂上检测到O2^-物种与CH4反应生成的气相C2H4,CO2和表面碳酸盐等OCM反应主、副产物。这些结果为O2^-是相应催化剂上OCM反应的活性氧物种首次提供了直接的光谱证据。研究结果表明,催化剂的OCM反应性能与其表面酸碱性的强弱并无简单的对应关系。采用原拉时间分辨红外光谱和原位显微Raman光谱技术对SiO2和γ-Al2O3负载的Rh、Ru催化剂上甲烷部分氧化（POM）制合成气反应的研究表明,由CH4直接氧化生成CO和H2是Rh/SiO2上POM反应的主要途径,而燃烧-重整机理是Ru/γ-Al2O3和Ru/SiO2上CO和H2生成的主要途径,反应条件下催化剂表面氧（O^2-)物种浓度的差异很可能是导致这两种催化剂体系上POM反应机理不同的主要原因,其本质可能源于Rh和Ru对氧的亲合力的不同。     

氧对氨在Pt/α-Al2O3催化剂上吸附和解离性能的影响

利用瞬态脉冲技术考察了氨在Pt／Al2O3催化剂表面的吸附、脱附和氧化动力学．结果表明，氨在Pt/Al2O3表面存在两种吸附态：可逆吸附和不可逆吸附．吸附在催化剂表面的氧和体相中的氧促进了氨的分解和氧化．不同的氧物种和反应温度影响产物的分布．体相晶格氧物种是可能形成水的重要因素，而表面氧物种是氯氧化物NO、N2O形成的主要来源．在氧存在的条件下低温有利于氨分解形成N2、N2O，而高温有利于NO的生成．     

催化剂载体γ-Al2O3上NO对SO2的氧化吸附

通过研究催化剂载体γ-Al2O3在423K吸附温度和不同气氛(有氧和无氧)下NO和SO2的吸附曲线、吸附量,以及漫反射红外光谱(DRIFTS)分析,探讨了低温下在γ-Al2O3上NO对SO2的氧化吸附的影响．研究表明,低温下在γ-Al2O3上NO对SO2氧化吸附有促进作用,γ-Al2O3晶格氧直接参与了NO促进SO2氧化的反应,NO促进SO2氧化吸附的机理是：γ-Al2O3吸附NO形成的表面螯合亚硝基与邻位弱吸附的Al-O-SO2发生表面反应,使弱吸附的Al-O-SO2氧化生成稳定的SO4^2-,并产生氧空位,放出NO,气相中的氧补充氧空位生成晶格氧,使表面反应得以继续进行。     

CaTi0.9Li0.1O3-δ晶格中氧空位与选择性活性氧物种的TGA表征

用常规TGA(程序升温热重分析)法间接表征了催化剂CaTi0.9Li0.1O3-δ晶格中的氧空位,关联了氧空位、可活动氧量与催化剂的乙烷氧化脱氢(ODHE)反应的催化性能,提出了乙烷在该类催化剂上氧化脱氢的选择性氧物种为873～1023 K的温度范围内脱附的所谓可活动氧(O-, O2-, O2-2简写为Oδ-).利用O2-TPD-MS鉴定了TGA结果,证明该法简便、实用、可靠.     

SP~3杂化的气体分子在金红石相二氧化钛(110)面吸附规律与特性

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)体系下的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,研究了sp3杂化气体分子H2O,NH3和CH4在金红石相Ti O2(110)表面的吸附.研究发现:含有氧空位的表面较无氧空位表面更容易吸附气体分子.影响吸附稳定性和吸附能的主要因素是分子的极化率,分子极化率越大,吸附越稳定.表面氧空位对分子负电荷中心的吸附是整个吸附的主要原因.通过差分电荷密度和电荷布居数分析来看,表面与吸附分子存在电荷转移,转移电子数目大小为:NOC,吸附方式为化学吸附,吸附稳定性为NH3H2OCH4.通过态密度、吸收谱和反射谱分析发现,表面氧空位缺陷使材料在费米能级附近出现了态密度峰值,极大地改变了材料的光学性质,占主导作用;而表面吸附H2O,NH3,CH4分子后对表面的光学性质影响相对较低,占辅助作用.O,N,C原子的电子在费米能级附近的态密度贡献为NOC,与转移电子数目顺序一致.相比氧空位表面,吸附CH4后对材料的光学性质影响不大,但吸附H2O和NH3后其吸收系数和反射率有所降低.这为进一步研究该材料的气敏传感特性提供了理论基础.     

贫燃条件下钙钛矿型催化剂上C_3H_6催化还原NO_x反应的研究

利用柠檬酸络合法制备钙钛矿型复合氧化物 L a0 .8Ce0 .2 Co XFe1- XO3催化剂 ,研究其在贫燃条件下 NOX 的催化还原性能 .实验表明 :在没有水蒸气存在的条件下 ,在 30 0°C时 ,La0 .8Ce0 2 Co O3催化剂上 NOX 的转化率可达 46.8%,这时还原剂丙稀已完全氧化 ;但在水蒸气存在下 ,La0 .8Ce0 2 Co O3催化剂上 NOX的转化率明显下降 ,同时丙稀的完全氧化温度也上升5 0°C～ 1 5 0°C,这主要是由于水蒸气对反应活性中心竞争吸附的缘故 ;而双取代的催化剂La0 .8Ce0 2 Ce0 .2 Fe0 .8O3和 La0 .8Ce0 2 Co0 .8Fe0 .2 O3催化剂具有相当的催化活性和较好抗水蒸气能力 ,这可能是由于 Ce O2 和 Co Fe O3之间的协同作用增加了氧空位 ,从而弥补了由于水蒸气竞争吸附所导致的活性下降     

Ag修饰La0.6Sr0.4MnO3基催化剂氧物种的谱学表征

采用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备钙钛矿型La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 氧化物, 并用Ag 对其进行修饰,制得Ag/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 催化剂.活性评价结果显示, Ag 的修饰能显著提高原基质催化剂La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 对低浓度CH3OH和CO完全氧化的催化活性, 相应于95% CH3OH和CO转化所需反应温度T95分别可低至421 和370 K. 催化剂的XPS和LRS谱学表征结果揭示, 在6% Ag/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3上, 具高度反应活性的表面氧物种O22- (a)和O-(a)在总表面氧中所占克分子百分数(m ol% )几近未经Ag 修饰的基质体系La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 的两倍. O2-TPD测试结果证实,Ag 对La0.6Sr0.4MnO3基质的修饰、掺杂和部分取代使其对O2 的低温吸附能力大为提高,诱生出一类数量可观具有低温吸-脱附性能的吸附氧物种. 本文结果表明, Ag/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 催化剂对CH3OH和CO完全氧化高的催化活性与Ag 的修饰提高了催化剂对氧的低温吸附活化能力, 并使催化剂上对CHX, CH3OH, HCHO和CO具高度反应活性的表面氧物种O22- (a)和O-(a)的相对含量明显增加密切相关.     

La2Mo2O9氧离子导体的合成及XPS研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了La2Mo2O9氧离子导体,并利用XRD、X射线光电子能谱对其制备条件和氧物种进行了分析.研究表明,凝胶前驱体在600℃焙烧可以形成La2Mo2O9晶相.提高焙烧温度,有利于晶粒生长和致密化.XPS分析表明,La2Mo2O9中金属离子均处于其最高价态,只有晶格氧物种存在,没有吸附态的氧物种.高温相中各元素的结合能均较低温相高,可能归结于高温相立方结构中金属和氧的键合程度高于其在低温相的键合程度.     

柠檬酸/金属离子比对La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.8)O_(3-δ)钙钛矿的制备及性能的影响

文章采用柠檬酸络合法制备了La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.8)O_(3-δ)钙钛矿,采用低温N_2物理吸附、X-射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(hydrogen temperature programmed reduction,H_2-TPR)、氧气程序升温脱附(oxygen temperature programmed desorption,O_2-TPD)和X-射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)表征了其物理化学性质,并考察了甲烷催化燃烧活性。结果表明,当柠檬酸/金属离子摩尔比(citric acid to metal ions molar ratio,CMMR)为1.25时,所制得的催化剂催化活性最佳。XRD表征结果表明,CMMR为1.25或1.50时,形成的钙钛矿晶型更完整。H_2-TPR表征结果表明,CMMR为1.25时,催化剂中的Fe~(4+)和Co~(3+)的还原温度较低,还原性能好。XPS表征结果表明,CMMR为1.25时,催化剂表面上吸附氧晶格氧之比最大。O_2-TPD表征结果表明,随着CMMR增加,催化剂中可移动晶格氧量减小,脱附温度增加,非化学计量比显著减小。CMMR为1.25时,催化剂表面吸附氧较易活化,形成活性物种。     

Rh-ZSM-5分子筛吸附CO、H_2O和O_2的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)结合簇模型方法研究了小分子CO、H_2O和O_2在Rh交换的ZSM-5分子筛(Rh-ZSM-5)上的吸附.理论计算结果表明:H_2O和O_2或CO可共吸附在Rh~+上形成四配位铑配合物,其中Rh仅与ZSM-5表面的一个桥氧配位;在H_2O和O_2共存时,最稳定的表面吸附物种为Rh(H_2O)_2(O_2),含一个超氧离子;引入具有强配位能力的CO后,最稳定的表面吸附物种为Rh(CO)_2(H_2O),阻碍了O_2的化学吸附.这暗示此前人们认为在CH_4/CO/H_2O/O_2/Rh-ZSM-5混合体系中通过O_2的化学吸附活化甲烷的机理还有待进一步商榷.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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