三峡模型水轮机转轮前后的流动特性

水轮机转轮前后流动特性的测试对于了解流动型态、改进水轮机的水力设计有重要意义。用五孔球测量三峡水电站模型水轮机转轮前后液动特性的结果,并对在最优工况及偏离工况下的测试结果作了初步分析。测试结果表明,最优工况的轴面速度分布规律介于一元理论及二元理论假设之间,数值偏大,沿转轮进、出口边的环量分布均为自上冠至下环逐渐增大。     

高比转速混流式水轮机引水部件水流特性研究

对ｎｓ＝２６０ｍ·ｋＷ的混流式水轮机引水部件流场测试结果作了介绍。通过在蜗壳进口、出口、导叶出口３个断面布置五孔探针进行测量，揭示水轮机引水部件内部的流动特性。结果表明：各断面流动均具有较好的轴对称性；蜗壳进口断面基本上为轴向均匀流动；蜗壳出口断面上的环量基本上为常数；导叶出口断面的环量沿导叶高度分布不均匀，由上冠至下环逐渐增大。进行了初步分析，对改进水轮机设计提出了建议。     

含沙水流水轮机两列导叶相对位置对活动导叶磨损的影响

为减轻含沙水流对水轮机活动导叶的磨蚀破坏,以比转速为150的混流式水轮机水力模型A227-46为研究对象,在分析导叶磨蚀机理的基础上,对水轮机两列导叶相对位置对活动导叶磨蚀的影响.采用CFD商用软件在含沙水流条件下分别对不同活动导叶与固定导叶相对位置的流场分布进行数值模拟计算,获得沿翼型弦长方向在导叶内外侧各选取的6个点上的压力,并换算为压力系数绘制出各布置方案的压力系数沿翼型弦长的变化曲线,得到压力分布变化规律.通过对比找出含沙水流条件下水轮机活动导叶与固定导叶周向偏置较好的相对安放位置角φsg为8°;同时,若减小两者的径向相对位置,即合理地增大活动导叶分度圆的直径,可使活动导叶区的流速下降,从而减轻泥沙磨损与空蚀破坏程度;同时,也改善了转轮的入流条件,有利于水轮机性能指标的提高.     

贯流式斜向空间导叶全三维密合设计

为实现贯流式机组斜向空间导叶的密合设计,提出了一种基于最优化技术的设计方法。利用全三维反问题模型设计导叶叶型,保证它具有良好的绕流性能,并为转轮提供必需的环量。以出口边和进口边附近叶片表面上的准正交网格线构成密合基线为目标,采用单纯形加速法控制速度矩参数的变化,使得叶型逐步满足密合要求。导叶和桨叶进行联合数值模拟,结果表明,设计的导叶绕流水力损失小,并且设计计算具有足够的精度。     

应用三维空间导叶的混流式水轮机流动

为减小混流式水轮机转轮内的叶道涡,设计了两种三维空间导叶,推导了流量调节方程,采用了全三维全流道的湍流计算方法,完成了从蜗壳进口到尾水管出口,包含所有流道在内的数值计算;并进行了模型对比试验。结果显示:应用三维空间导叶对水轮机能量性能没有太大的影响,但是增大了活动导叶上部的水流出口角,从而减小了转轮叶片进口处的冲击,尤其是在高水头、小开度情况下,上冠处的冲击和脱流比二维常规导叶有明显改善,降低了叶道涡发生的可能性,提高了水轮机的运行稳定性。     

基于CFD的转轮叶片对虹吸式水轮机水力性能的影响分析

为了更加高效地利用超低水头水力资源,设计了一种采用虹吸式出水流道的轴流式水轮机。针对这一形式的水轮机,在设计水头和额定转速下采用CFD进行三维数值模拟,计算各过流部件的水力损失,研究水轮机的水力性能。通过改变转轮叶片出水边翼形,对比分析转轮出口水流流态与虹吸式出水流道水头损失的关系,研究不同叶片对虹吸式水轮机水力性能的影响。结果表明,在水头、转速和导叶开度相同的情况下,各修改方案中叶片3使得出水流道水头损失较小,其对应的平均涡角为13.26°,出水流道水头损失为0.135 m,水轮机的效率也较高(为89.33%)。此外,选取效率较高的叶片,改变叶片数量,分析其对虹吸式水轮机水力性能的影响。     

水泵水轮机导叶开启瞬态过程数值分析

基于滑移网格和动态网格相结合的思想,实现水泵水轮机二维模型在转轮区转速增大和活动导叶开启共同作用下引起的瞬变流场的数值模拟,得到速度、压强随时间的瞬态变化规律,探讨水泵水轮机导叶开启过程的流场特性;对预开一对导叶下的启动过程进行模拟,分析导叶区域的内部流场瞬态演化过程.结果表明:导叶开启过程中叶片对导叶区域的干涉作用由强变弱,速度分布的均匀性和周向对称性逐渐提高;设置预开一对导叶后,破坏了初始阶段流动的对称性,导致流动的不稳定性增强,活动导叶与转轮之间的压强波动幅度增大,对机组运行的稳定性有一定影响.     

基于长短叶片混流式水轮机压力脉动分析

为了探讨长短叶片混流式水轮机的压力脉动规律,采用SST模型,探讨多种工况下水轮机的速度分布、压力变化以及多监测点的压力脉动情况。研究结果表明:转轮出口处流动过程极为复杂,蜗壳与转轮存在动静干涉,且随着流量的增加,蜗壳与转轮的动静干涉效应越明显。转轮区域压力脉动的产生是因为导叶出口水流流动不均匀,造成导叶及转轮间动静干扰。     

轴流泵叶片设计中叶轮出口液体速度矩分布

研究了轴流泵叶片设计中叶轮出口液体速度矩分布形式对叶轮出口液体速度、理论扬程、扩压系数、水力损失、叶片安放角、叶片扭角等参数沿叶片高度分布的影响情况,选择了幂函数和现有的二次多项式函数分布规律．研究表明,速度矩分布形式对叶轮出口液体速度、理论扬程、扩压系数、水力损失、叶片安放角、叶片扭角等参数沿叶片高度分布的影响是很大的,特别在轮毂处．在出口速度矩采用幂函数分布规律的情况下,幂为0．50～0．75时,流动和叶片几何参数分布较合理。     

微水头灯泡贯流式水轮机支撑及导叶联合设计

为了研究在1m左右的微水头的工况下,不同导流结构对灯泡贯流式水轮机内部流态及能量特性产生的影响,通过数值模拟方法,对无活动导叶的原方案进行优化,结合两种不同的支撑及两种不同宽度导叶下共六种不同方案的水轮机进行内部流场分析及性能研究.结果表明:水轮机增加导叶后,使水流在进入转轮前产生环量,但也增大了转轮前流道的水头损失;宽导叶导流后水流的切向速度及动量矩最大,但在圆周方向水流分布不均匀;窄导叶对水流的影响小于宽导叶;弯曲型支撑则将支撑和窄导叶结合起来,也结合了两者的优点,结构简单,转轮前水头损失较小,转轮进出口动量矩不是最大的,但水流对转轮的作用力矩最大,效率提高了5.8%,达82.7%,叶片表面压力变化梯度较小,空化性能良好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.