生境破坏的空间结构对集合种群动态的影响

构建任意生境破坏结构下集合种群动态的元胞自动机模型,研究生境破坏的空间结构对集合种群全局密度及局部密度的影响.该模型不仅包括了生境破坏的空间结构,而且能够描述集合种群的空间分布模式.模型结果表明:生境破坏的空间结构复杂地影响着集合种群的全局密度和局部密度;生境破坏的混合分布增大了集合种群灭绝的风险;生境破坏的聚集分布降低了集合种群灭绝的风险.在生境破坏比例较小或较大时,集合种群全局密度和局部密度随生境破坏比例的增加而加大,随生境破坏聚集度的增加而减小,且生境破坏比例对集合种群动态的影响要大于生境破坏聚集度的影响.但在特定的情况下,即生境破坏比例在55%左右时,生境聚集度的增加可能会使集合种群的全局密度和局部密度都减小.此外,发现集合种群的局部密度存在一个阈值,当集合种群局部密度低于此值时,集合种群将无法续存.这意味着在生物保护中不能仅仅考虑生境的恢复、斑块的质量,还需要考虑生境破坏的空间结构和被保护物种的局部密度.     

蒙特卡罗方法研究集合种群动态

根据金堇蛱蝶的实际生活史和调查数据,以天为单位采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法仿真每个个体的发育、迁移、繁殖等随机行为. 从而获取集合种群及其各局域种群的动态变化,展示了局域种群的周转行为,得到了每年各斑块局域种群大小、占据率、被占据斑块数及相应的概率分布等信息. 计算结果表明该集合种群能够进入一个基本稳定的状态从而维持适当的种群规模并得以续存下去.我们还分析了斑块质量和所处地理位置对局域种群的影响. 提供了一种能够同时描述集合种群和局域种群动态的研究方法,为将来进一步研究各种影响集合种群动态的因素和制定保护策略等奠定了基础.     

雾灵山自然保护区胡桃楸种群结构特征分析

胡桃楸群落是雾灵山自然保护区森林植被的典型类型之一,分布在海拔700~1 400 m的阳坡.根据雾灵山自然保护区胡桃楸种群不同龄级结构设置两个样地,通过对胡桃楸种群每木必测,采用种群径级结构代替年龄结构,不同的生境条件分析雾灵山自然保护区胡桃楸种群结构及动态变化特征.结果表明:(1)雾灵山自然保护区胡桃楸种群结构呈"金字塔"型,种群中幼树和中龄树所占比重大,表现为稳定型种群,种群个体数目基本随径级的增加而减少;(2)存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,高径级种群趋于稳定,种群具两个死亡高峰,中龄树种群的死亡率高达80%,这是由于中龄树个体较多,在共同的生境条件下争夺生存空间和资源,群落树种互相竞争影响下,死亡率较高;(3)龄级分布与微地形的关系密切相关,坡度在30°~40°范围中胡桃楸种群龄级分布较广泛,海拔高度在800 m~1 000 m范围中胡桃楸种群各龄级分布广泛,幼树和中龄树数量多,而在其它海拔高度范围中受土地利用类型和生境条件的影响,分布的龄级数目少.     

生态位构建通过修复破坏生境对集合种群动态的影响

基于具有生境破碎作用下的集合种群模型，建立了存均匀场假设下的微分方程模型，充分探讨了具有生态位构建效应的有机体活动对破碎斑块修复产生的生态结果．通过稳定性分析与元胞自动机方法模拟表明：集合种群的续存条件不仪依赖于侵占力与灭绝率之间的平衡，而且也包括集合种群的生态位构建能力与生境自然消耗率之间的平衡；当灭绝率大于侵占率时，集合种群也可以在低水平上续存，并且在该过程中集合种群依赖于两个阈值条件，分别是生态位构建能力和集合种群的初始状态．集合种群的大小与其生态位构建能力成正比，即构建能力强者，集合种群数量相应增加．因此，对环境具有较强的正效应的有机体或种群在维护牛境的有效性中起重要作用．     

循环竞争引起的集合种群时空波

在集合种群框架下研究了循环竞争关系.基于Tilman的多物种竞争模型和均匀场假设,建立了三物种循环竞争的Lavins型集合种群模型.在局部扩散的假设下,依据马尔科夫过程理论建立了概率转移模型.解析分析和计算机模拟的结果表明Lavins型模型表现出阶段性平衡动态,即特定的时刻只有一个物种在群落中占有绝对数量,但很快就被它的优势物种取代,这样三物种轮流处于优势地位;概率转移模型却呈现出在时间和空间上的混沌动态行为,模拟结果表现为一种螺旋生物波;这说明局部扩散可以弱化竞争引起的种群振荡,引起空间分布的异质性,同时表明Lavins型集合种群模型可能低估了物种共存的条件.     

一个离散生境中的结构种群模型的动态特征

针对网蛱蝶世代不重迭的生活史特征构造结构集合种群模型,运用差分方程定性理论和数值分析方法研究网蛱蝶集合种群的动态行为以及产生这些动态行为的原因.考虑到集合种群的基本特征,在模型中引入随机变量描述斑块上局域种群灭绝与再殖的随机现象,并利用所建立的模型,根据生物观测数据,对河北阎家坪地区2种网蛱蝶集合种群分别进行了数值模拟.从数学的角度证明环境保护对网蛱蝶种群可持续生存的可能性和重要性.     

弄岗自然保护区乌叶猴属的分布和种群数量

为了确定弄岗自然保护区内白头叶猴的种群数量，弥补黑叶猴种群数量的空白，掌握此保护区叶猴的生存现状，采用访问法和实地数量统计法相结合的方法对弄岗自然保护区的弄岗、陇瑞和弄呼3个部分进行深入的调查研究．调查结果表明，在陇瑞片范围内，共有8群白头叶猴，种群大小在68只左右，和20世纪80年代末的244只相比，数量下降相当惊人；在弄岗片内，共记录到黑叶猴群10群，最大的种群为11只个体，最小的种群是4只个体，共计约有75只黑叶猴(绝对数量统计)；弄呼的黑叶猴种群已经于上个世纪的晚期消失．造成目前状况的因素主要是过度狩猎和其他形式的过度干扰．弄岗自然保护区的叶猴种群数量已经接近可持续繁殖种群的最低水平，如不采取有效的保护措施，这个种群将很可能在短期内消失．     

长白山自然保护区中国林蛙种群现状及增殖措施

分析了长白山自然保护区中国林蛙种群的现状,观察了在采用相应措施的情况下林蛙种群的增长情况.结果表明:长白山自然保护区林蛙种群结构保持幼蛙占多的格局,但种群统计数量较过去已明显减少,同时林蛙个体大小的总体水平也已不如过去.采用为林蛙创造适宜繁殖生境和补充种源、加强放养管理等措施,可有效地促进林蛙种群的增长进程.     

江西桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿种群动态及保护对策

分析了江西桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区建立30年来梅花鹿的种群数量动态,对当前保护区发展面临的主要问题进行了剖析,并提出了保护和管理的对策与建议。     

贵州习水自然保护区华南虎野生种群生存的可能性初步研究

该文主要介绍了华南虎在习水自然保护区及其周边地区的活动情况,并就习水保护区及其周边地区的自然条件分析了华南虎在该地保存和发展的可能性。提出了在习水保护区及其周边地区保护和发展华南虎种群的建议。     

3物种食物链的集合群落中捕食者追赶和猎物逃逸对空间同步性的影响

空间同步性能够导致区域物种灭绝从而降低集合种群的续存.在集合群落的框架内建立了两斑块3种群食物链联立模型来研究捕食者追赶和猎物逃逸对空间同步性的影响.由于种群存在较大的群落中,从集合种群向集合群落扩展是很自然的.表明了在集合种群中猎物逃逸降低空间同步性的结论在集合群落中有所改变.得到一个有悖直觉的结果:3物种食物链基层物种的逃逸并没有保护自己,反而增加了所有这3物种集合种群的空间同步性,因此也增加了灭绝的风险.这个结果说明在制定关于种群同步性也即续存的保护措施时,物种间的相互作用也必须考虑.     

Low-coverage vaccination strategies for the conservation of endangered species

The conventional objective of vaccination programmes is to eliminate infection by reducing the reproduction number of an infectious agent to less than one, which generally requires vaccination of the majority of individuals. In populations of endangered wildlife, the intervention required to deliver such coverage can be undesirable and impractical; however, endangered populations are increasingly threatened by outbreaks of infectious disease for which effective vaccines exist. As an alternative, wildlife epidemiologists could adopt a vaccination strategy that protects a population from the consequences of only the largest outbreaks of disease. Here we provide a successful example of this strategy in the Ethiopian wolf, the world's rarest canid, which persists in small subpopulations threatened by repeated outbreaks of rabies introduced by domestic dogs. On the basis of data from past outbreaks, we propose an approach that controls the spread of disease through habitat corridors between subpopulations and that requires only low vaccination coverage. This approach reduces the extent of rabies outbreaks and should significantly enhance the long-term persistence of the population. Our study shows that vaccination used to enhance metapopulation persistence through elimination of the largest outbreaks of disease requires lower coverage than the conventional objective of reducing the reproduction number of an infectious agent to less than one.     

Patterns of colonization in a metapopulation of grey seals

The colonization of a new habitat is a fundamental process in metapopulation biology, but it is difficult to study. The emigration of colonists from established populations might be induced by resource competition owing to high local population density. Migration distances are also important because they determine the frequency and scale of recolonization and hence the spatial scale of the metapopulation. Traditionally, these factors have been investigated with demographic approaches that are labour-intensive and are only possible in amenable species. In many cases, genetic differentiation is minimal, preventing traditional genetic approaches from identifying the source of colonists unambiguously. Here we present a bayesian approach that integrates genetic, demographic and geographic distance data. We apply the method to study the British metapopulation of grey seals, which has been growing at 6% per year over the last few decades. Our method reveals differential recruitment to three newly founded colonies and implicates density-dependent dispersal in metapopulation dynamics by using genetic data.     

Survival variability and population density in fish populations

To understand the processes that regulate the abundance and persistence of wild populations is a fundamental goal of ecology and a prerequisite for the management of living resources. Variable abundance data, however, make the demonstration of regulation processes challenging. A previously overlooked aspect in understanding how populations are regulated is the possibility that the pattern of variability--its strength as a function of population size--may be more than 'noise', thus revealing much about the characteristics of population regulation. Here we show that patterns in survival variability do provide evidence of regulation through density. Using a large, global compilation of marine, anadromous and freshwater fisheries data, we examine the relationship between the variability of survival and population abundance. The interannual variability in progeny survival increases at low adult abundance in an inversely density-dependent fashion. This pattern is consistent with models in which density dependence enters after the larval stage. The findings are compatible with very simple forms of density dependence: even a linear increase of juvenile mortality with adult density adequately explains the results. The model predictions explain why populations with strong regulation may experience large increases in variability at low densities. Furthermore, the inverse relationship between survival variability and the strength of density dependence has important consequences for fisheries management and recovery, and population persistence or extinction.     

云南自然保护区可持续发展的特点及扶贫战略选择

自然保护区可持续发展是实现全球可持续发展的最典型区域可持续发展 .云南是我国自然保护区最多的省份 ,也是全国贫困省份之一 ,而全省相当一部分贫困人口的生存、发展与自然保护区息息相关 .据此 ,提出云南自然保护区可持续发展的研究特点、可持续发展的经济意义及其扶贫战略选择     

A Model Structured in Classes for the Study of Student Population Evolution

This paper presents an application of a metapopulation model structured in classes for the study of population evolution of a network of schools.The global dynamics are considered in two parts,the local,where the evolution for each grade in a cycle is accounted,and the metapopulation or the movement of students between schools.Simulation of the model is presented.