集合种群受生境破坏影响的新模型及其生态效应研究

从两物种竞争模型出发,提出了集合种群上3物种的食物网机制,构造了一个捕食者和两个猎物(似然竞争)受生境破坏影响的新模型;基于微分动力系统的数值模拟和网格模型的元胞自动机模拟,研究了生境破坏对集合种群动态的影响.结果发现:集合种群似然竞争模型系统对生境破坏非常敏感,生境破坏导致了更不稳定的动态,而且发现具有较小捕食者侵占率的猎物受生境破坏影响较大,进而表明了猎物对捕食者的敏感度与受生境破坏的影响之间存在负藕联关系;适当的生境破坏有利于劣势物种的生存;捕食者通过猎物受到生境破坏的间接影响,而且在生境破坏生态过程中捕食者是脆弱的.该研究结果为物种续存和生物多样性保护提供了理论依据.     

基于生灭过程的两斑块种群迁移模型研究

建立了两斑块间种群迁移的生灭过程模型,通过与没有迁移的单种群模型对比,分别得到同生境中两斑块种群的极限期望,进而得到单个斑块内种群续存和灭绝的充分条件。研究结果表明,单个斑块内种群数量递减时,邻体斑块中种群个体的迁入减少了物种灭绝风险,有助于种群续存;单个斑块内种群数量递增时,该斑块种群个体的迁出增加了该斑块物种的灭绝风险,不利于种群续存。     

生境破坏的空间结构对集合种群动态的影响

构建任意生境破坏结构下集合种群动态的元胞自动机模型,研究生境破坏的空间结构对集合种群全局密度及局部密度的影响.该模型不仅包括了生境破坏的空间结构,而且能够描述集合种群的空间分布模式.模型结果表明:生境破坏的空间结构复杂地影响着集合种群的全局密度和局部密度;生境破坏的混合分布增大了集合种群灭绝的风险;生境破坏的聚集分布降低了集合种群灭绝的风险.在生境破坏比例较小或较大时,集合种群全局密度和局部密度随生境破坏比例的增加而加大,随生境破坏聚集度的增加而减小,且生境破坏比例对集合种群动态的影响要大于生境破坏聚集度的影响.但在特定的情况下,即生境破坏比例在55%左右时,生境聚集度的增加可能会使集合种群的全局密度和局部密度都减小.此外,发现集合种群的局部密度存在一个阈值,当集合种群局部密度低于此值时,集合种群将无法续存.这意味着在生物保护中不能仅仅考虑生境的恢复、斑块的质量,还需要考虑生境破坏的空间结构和被保护物种的局部密度.     

栖息地破坏空间模式对集合种群动态的影响

利用元胞自动机模型,研究了栖息地破坏空间模式对集合种群动态的影响.结果表明:在破坏聚集度一定的情况下,栖息地面积的减少不利于强竞争物种的续存;在栖息地面积一定的情况下,栖息地破坏聚集度的增大有利于强竞争物种的续存;栖息地破坏比例对集合种群动态的影响更大,但栖息地破坏聚集度对集合种群物种多样性指数的影响更显著.在实际的生物保护中,可根据被保护的物种及其所在集合种群结构选择更加合理的土地开发、利用模式.     

生态位构建通过修复破坏生境对集合种群动态的影响

基于具有生境破碎作用下的集合种群模型，建立了存均匀场假设下的微分方程模型，充分探讨了具有生态位构建效应的有机体活动对破碎斑块修复产生的生态结果．通过稳定性分析与元胞自动机方法模拟表明：集合种群的续存条件不仪依赖于侵占力与灭绝率之间的平衡，而且也包括集合种群的生态位构建能力与生境自然消耗率之间的平衡；当灭绝率大于侵占率时，集合种群也可以在低水平上续存，并且在该过程中集合种群依赖于两个阈值条件，分别是生态位构建能力和集合种群的初始状态．集合种群的大小与其生态位构建能力成正比，即构建能力强者，集合种群数量相应增加．因此，对环境具有较强的正效应的有机体或种群在维护牛境的有效性中起重要作用．     

非Allee与Allee竞争种群系统的动力学研究

将Aliee效应引入2-竞争种群系统,建立了具有Aliee效应的2-竞争种群演化动态模型,对非Allee与Aliee竞争种群系统演化进行动力学研究.模拟结果表明:①Allee效应导致两竞争种群系统具有多个平衡态.②Allee效应使竞争共存物种无法续存甚至全部灭绝,最终平衡态值随初始斑块占有率变化而变化.③Allee效应可能使竞争排斥物种共同灭绝,且效应越强,物种存活时间越短;但Allee效应不会增强强物种的竞争优势,反而可能使强物种变弱,弱物种变强,其具有与栖息地破坏类似的影响种群竞争等级排序的作用.④Allee效应对种群续存是极不稳定的干扰因素,微小的变化都将引起系统平衡态的剧变.然而较高的初始斑块占有率也可能使原本濒于灭绝或竞争排斥的物种继续存活.     

具有阶段结构的捕食——食饵模型

构造了一个具有阶段结构的捕食-食饵模型,并研究了庇护所效应对于该系统平衡点的稳定性、平衡密度及其种群长期续存的影响.结果表明庇护所效应不仅能够增加猎物种群的密度,并且在一定条件下也能增加捕食者种群的平衡密度,还会增加系统的稳定性.     

循环竞争引起的集合种群时空波

在集合种群框架下研究了循环竞争关系.基于Tilman的多物种竞争模型和均匀场假设,建立了三物种循环竞争的Lavins型集合种群模型.在局部扩散的假设下,依据马尔科夫过程理论建立了概率转移模型.解析分析和计算机模拟的结果表明Lavins型模型表现出阶段性平衡动态,即特定的时刻只有一个物种在群落中占有绝对数量,但很快就被它的优势物种取代,这样三物种轮流处于优势地位;概率转移模型却呈现出在时间和空间上的混沌动态行为,模拟结果表现为一种螺旋生物波;这说明局部扩散可以弱化竞争引起的种群振荡,引起空间分布的异质性,同时表明Lavins型集合种群模型可能低估了物种共存的条件.     

环境容量变化对物种多度影响的研究——以天津七里海湿地为例

采用理论研究与实践检验相结合、理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,提出了环境容量变化对物种多度影响的模式,以天津七里海湿地为例,研究了集合动物种群的演化特点、物种灭绝的顺序与环境容量变化的关系.从理论上揭示了: 1) 当幂指数小于1,环境对集合种群的作用有利于其发展时,栖息地的破坏导致物种灭绝数目较少;当幂指数大于1时,剩余环境容量变小将导致最强及比它弱的若干物种灭绝,指数越大物种的灭绝数就越多.剩余环境容量越大,弱物种就越能在激烈的竞争中幸免灭绝;环境容量越小,弱物种面临灭绝的可能性就越大. 2) 物种的第三类灭绝机制和物种的协同进化、协同退化规律,反映了真实生态系统的复杂的灭绝情况.     

破碎化生境对食物网中疾病传播动态的影响

生境破碎化已被证实是影响种群动态和食物网中物种共存的重要因素之一,同时疾病的传播对于种群动态的调节也具有非常重要的作用。文章基于集合种群模型,针对3种不同的资源-宿主/食饵-寄生-捕食者食物网结构,探讨了破碎化生境下物种共存模式与种群动态。模拟结果显示,不同营养级物种对生境破坏有不同程度的响应,营养级越高的物种对生境破碎化越敏感。此外,物种的扩散范围以及捕食者种群对食饵的偏好都会影响物种的续存。该结果在一定程度上丰富了宿主-寄生理论,对疾病的控制和物种保护提供了生态学理论依据。     

Allometric degree distributions facilitate food-web stability

In natural ecosystems, species are linked by feeding interactions that determine energy fluxes and create complex food webs. The stability of these food webs enables many species to coexist and to form diverse ecosystems. Recent theory finds predator-prey body-mass ratios to be critically important for food-web stability. However, the mechanisms responsible for this stability are unclear. Here we use a bioenergetic consumer-resource model to explore how and why only particular predator-prey body-mass ratios promote stability in tri-trophic (three-species) food chains. We find that this 'persistence domain' of ratios is constrained by bottom-up energy availability when predators are much smaller than their prey and by enrichment-driven dynamics when predators are much larger. We also find that 97% of the tri-trophic food chains across five natural food webs exhibit body-mass ratios within the predicted persistence domain. Further analyses of randomly rewired food webs show that body mass and allometric degree distributions in natural food webs mediate this consistency. The allometric degree distributions hold that the diversity of species' predators and prey decreases and increases, respectively, with increasing species' body masses. Our results demonstrate how simple relationships between species' body masses and feeding interactions may promote the stability of complex food webs.     

捕食者追捕与食饵逃逸对共位捕食系统中物种共存的影响

基于元胞自动机模型,探讨捕食者追捕和食饵逃逸两种行为对共位捕食系统中物种共存动态的影响.结果表明:捕食者追捕能够扩大物种共存区域,但食饵逃逸能否提高共位捕食系统中物种的共存取决于两物种竞争与捕食能力的相互权衡关系.在捕食者占绝对优势以及竞争与捕食之间存在弱权衡关系时,食饵逃逸能够促进两物种的共存;而在食饵占有绝对优势以及两物种间强权衡关系时,食饵逃逸则使得物种共存变得更加困难.另外,模拟结果显示,捕食者追捕与食饵逃逸对物种共存与种群密度产生不对称性效应:捕食者追捕对系统产生的影响较食饵逃逸行为更为显著.     

Simple rules yield complex food webs

Several of the most ambitious theories in ecology describe food webs that document the structure of strong and weak trophic links that is responsible for ecological dynamics among diverse assemblages of species. Early mechanism-based theory asserted that food webs have little omnivory and several properties that are independent of species richness. This theory was overturned by empirical studies that found food webs to be much more complex, but these studies did not provide mechanistic explanations for the complexity. Here we show that a remarkably simple model fills this scientific void by successfully predicting key structural properties of the most complex and comprehensive food webs in the primary literature. These properties include the fractions of species at top, intermediate and basal trophic levels, the means and variabilities of generality, vulnerability and food-chain length, and the degrees of cannibalism, omnivory, looping and trophic similarity. Using only two empirical parameters, species number and connectance, our 'niche model' extends the existing 'cascade model and improves its fit ten-fold by constraining species to consume a contiguous sequence of prey in a one-dimensional trophic niche.     

Predator diversity dampens trophic cascades

Food web complexity is thought to weaken the strength of terrestrial trophic cascades in which strong impacts of natural enemies on herbivores cascade to influence primary production indirectly. Predator diversity can enhance food web complexity because predators may feed on each other and on shared prey. In such cases, theory suggests that the impact of predation on herbivores relaxes and cascading effects on basal resources are dampened. Despite this view, no empirical studies have explicitly investigated the role of predator diversity in mediating primary productivity in a natural terrestrial system. Here we compare, in a coastal marsh community, impacts of arthropod predators on herbivores and plant productivity between a simple food web with a single predator species and a complex food web with a diverse predator assemblage. We show that enhancing predator diversity dampens enemy effects on herbivores and weakens trophic cascades. Consequently, changes in diversity at higher trophic levels can significantly alter ecosystem function in natural systems.     

生态系统的可靠性及其稳定性的维持

 生态系统的营养结构是由营养级组成的.可靠性模型实验表明,营养级的可靠性取决于物种的失效率大小,物种丢失对物种丰富、失效率高的营养级的可靠性影响甚微,而对物种贫乏、失效率低的营养级略大,换言之,营养级的可靠性与物种的丰富度无紧密关系.其次,在营养级可靠性相同的条件下,简单系统的可靠性普遍略高于营养级多或食物链长的复杂生态系统.生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性没有必然联系,只要营养级还存在(无论剩下几个物种),那么按串并联方式组合成的生态系统就不会崩溃.生态系统的稳定性是冗余结构的稳定性.生态系统经常遭受干扰,但物种和个体的丢失可以通过来自其内外源源不断的冗余补充,以维持生态系统营养结构的稳定性.     

Coexistence of two sympatric and mOrpho1ogically similar bat species Rhinolophus affnis and Rhinolophus pearsoni

Ecologists have long focused on the coexistence of sympatric species.Here,we investigated two horseshoe bat species,Rhinolophus affinis and Rhinolophus pearsoni inhabited in the same cave,for their foraging strategies,niche differentiation,prey selection,and their coexistence status.These two species of horseshoe bats were ditierent in the dominant frequency of their echolocation calls.but similar in their morphology.We found evidence for prey selectivity although there was a high degree of overlap in prey categories and sizes.R affinis and R pearsoni foraged on 16 and 7 categories insects,respectively,with Pyralidae,Geometridae,Melolonthidae dominating their diets.The degree of trophic niche overlap was 0.69.Pairwise comparisons suggested that there was no obvious differentiation in prey categories and size.However,high prey availability in the environment(Simpson diversity index=0.79 and Margalef richness index=4.121 contributed to their coexistence by dampening the interspecific competition.Since there are one or more mechanisms facilitating species coexistence in a community,our results suggest that the spatial niche differentiation in foraging microhabitats and in foraging habitats at landscape scale may promote the coexistence of the two bat species.However,additional field data are needed to confirm this speculation.     

Coexistence of two sympatric and morphologically similar bat species Rhinolophus affinis and Rhinolophus pearsoni

Ecologists have long focused on the coexistence of sympatric species. Here, we investigated two horseshoe bat species, Rhinolophus affinis and Rhinolophus pearsoni inhabited in the same cave, for their foraging strategies, niche differentiation, prey selection, and their coexistence status. These two species of horseshoe bats were different in the dominant frequency of their echolocation calls, but similar in their morphology. We found evidence for prey selectivity although there was a high degree of overlap in prey categories and sizes. R. affinis and R. pearsoni foraged on 16 and 7 categories insects, respectively, with Pyralidae, Geometridae, Melolonthidae dominating their diets. The degree of trophic niche overlap was 0.69. Pairwise comparisons suggested that there was no obvious differentiation in prey categories and size. However, high prey availability in the environment （Simpson diversity index = 0.79 and Margalef richness index = 4.12） contributed to their coexistence by dampening the interspecific competition. Since there are one or more mechanisms facil- itating species coexistence in a community, our results suggest that the spatial niche differentiation in foraging rnicrohabitats and in foraging habitats at landscape scale may promote the coexistence of the two bat species. However, additional field data are needed to confirm this speculation.     

具有Holling Ⅲ功能反应的三维顺环捕食系统的研究

研究一类具有Holling Ⅲ类功能反应的三维顺环捕食系统，得到其持续生存和系统为周期系统时存在平稳振荡的充分条件。