中国沿海真鲷群体遗传多样性的同工酶电泳分析

用同工酶电泳技术研究威海、厦门、北部湾3个海区真鲷群体的遗传多态性和群体之间的遗传趋异，共观测了LDH、MDH和EST3种酶11个基因位点，其中LDH的3个位点在3个群体都为单态，MDH有1个位点、EST有2—4个位点表现多态，3个群体多态位点数量和平均杂合度以威海群体最高(45．5％与0．161)，厦门群体次之(27．3％与0．156)，北部湾群体最低(27．3％与0．120)，北部湾与厦门海区的真鲷在遗传上较为相似，遗传距离0．012，威海海区真鲷与二者的差异较大，遗传距离分别达0．021(与厦门标本)和0．025(与北部湾标本)。     

性连锁基因的遗传平衡

本文推出了性连锁遗传的3个公式，即：(1)建立群体偏离遗传平衡的程度与世代数和原初群体两性等位基因频率间差值的关系；(2)估算任一世代的雌性或雄性中的等位基因频率；(3)确定群体平衡时的等位基因频率和基因型频率这些公式更深刻地揭示了性连锁基因的遗传特点，从而为其遗传研究，如模拟研究提供了方便．     

新疆4个品种绵羊群体遗传结构的研究

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法，对巴什拜羊(43只)、哈萨克羊(41只)、中国美利奴羊(新疆军垦型)(42只)、罗姆尼羊(45只)的3个血清蛋白位点进行了多态性分析，计算了血清转铁蛋白(Tr)、酯酶(Es)及白蛋白(Alb)的基因型和基因频率及各位点的杂合度、群体平均杂合度及群体信息度。结果表明：4个品种绵羊在3个位点均为多态，在多态座位中，Tr、Alb和Es分别出现了4、3和3种表型，分别受4、2和2个共显性等位基因控制。X^2检验显示，4个品种绵羊在3个座位上均处于哈代-温伯格平衡状态(P≥0．05)，并且均表现出较高的杂合度，其值分别是：巴什拜羊0．588l、中国美利奴羊(新疆军垦型)0．5352、哈萨克羊0．5290、罗姆尼羊0．4964。     

杉木遗传多态性与多基因位点遗传结构

在分析杉木16个群体的自由授粉种子胚乳蛋白质24个同功酶基因位点遗传多态性的基础上,进一步估计了遗传多态性与多基因位点之间的关系。研究结果表明:平均多态性位点占88.00％,每个位点平均有3个等位基因,期望杂合率为0.394;遗传多态性呈随机分布,但有7个位点等位基因频率与地理、气候因子相关;遗传多态性的6％归因于群体间的分化,94％属于群体内变异;16个群体中有15个存在双位点配子不平衡,大多数群体中明显存在高阶(两个基因位点以上)配子不平衡现象;配子不平衡与地理、气候因子之间相关呈随机分布。奠基者效应、群体的再分化、分布区内环境多样性以及2000多年人工栽培历史,均是产生和保持杉木群体遗传多样性及结构的重要因素。     

不同地理种群杂色鲍的同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直电泳技术，对采白海南三亚、香港和福建平潭3个野生杂色鲍种群，以及1个种源来自台湾的九孔鲍养殖群体共4个群体的6种同工酶系统进行分析，共检测到10个基因位点，其中2个为多态位点(多态位点比例为20％)，每个位点平均等位基因数为1．2；4个群体都不同程度地表现出纯合子过剩、杂合子不足，遗传变异量偏低．群体间遗传相似系数与遗传距离以及UPGMA聚类分析的结果表明：4个群体之间的遗传差异不大，遗传距离均小于0．01．属于种群差异水平．九孔鲍和杂色鲍的遗传差异达不到亚种水平．     

金堂黑山羊血液蛋白遗传多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）研究了金堂黑山羊血液运铁蛋白（Tf)、后白蛋白(Pa）及白蛋白(Alb)三个基因座的遗传多态性,并计算了金堂黑山羊与成都麻羊、湘东黑山羊等七个山羊群体的欧氏遗传距离。结果表明：金堂黑山羊群体中Tf和Pa两个基因座均表现出多态性、Alb基因座呈单态;Tf和Pa两个基因型分布均符合Hardy-weinberg定律;金堂黑山羊群体内的基因一致度高、基因多样度低、平均等位基因有效数少,是宝贵的山羊遗传资源。     

鳡鱼群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP分子标记技术对长江下游苏州段野生和野生F1代人工养殖的2个鳡鱼(Elopichthys bambusa)群体遗传多样性进行分析研究.6对选择性引物在2个群体47个个体中,共扩增出313个位点,多态位点47个.鳡鱼野生和野生F1代人工养殖2个群体的多态位点比率和Shannon's指数分别为13.42%、8.31%,0.0544、0.032 O;前者遗传多样性较后者略高.基因分化系数Gst 和Shannon's指数分析均显示2个鳡鱼群体之间出现一定遗传分化.鳡鱼UPGMA系统树有分支出现且依据群体分别聚类,表现出一定的遗传趋异.结果分析表明,鲢鱼群体的遗传多样性相对贫乏;野生F1代人工养殖群体尚未形成自己独立的遗传结构,但2个群体间已经产生了一定的遗传分化,经过较多世代的人工繁育有可能形成自己独立而稳定的遗传结构.     

台湾海区斜带石斑鱼群体遗传学的等位酶研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶和淀粉凝胶技术对台湾海区斜带石斑鱼的遗传结构和遗传多样性水平进行了等位酶分析。对18种酶系统共27个等位酶基因座位的检测表明。ADH—l、ODH-2、FDH-1和Est-3等5个基因座位具多态性，其群体的多态位点百分率P为18．5％。有效等位基因平均数Ne为1．185，平均杂合度的观测值Ho为0．0469，预期值He为0．0662，反映了该群体的遗传多样性水平在鱼类中处于中等程度，而其Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数(D)为-0．246，表明该群体仍存在着明显的杂合子缺失现象，相对于捕捞压力，海岸线的工程改造是对其资源的更主要威胁。     

基于线粒体Cytb基因序列的褐石斑鱼种群遗传多样性分析

为评估种质资源状况被世界自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN)评定为易危物种的褐石斑鱼(Epinephelus bruneus)野生种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化水平，采用PCR方法测定褐石斑鱼西太平洋海区的中国海南岛(HN)、福建厦门(XM)和韩国济州岛(HG)3个地理群体的线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因的部分序列，并对其基因序列遗传变异、谱系结构和群体扩张历史特征进行分析。结果显示，褐石斑鱼3个地理种群(88个个体)共检测出18个多态位点，共有7种单倍型；各地理群体遗传多样性水平较低，而且单倍型在群体间分布不均，韩国群体遗传多样性最高，中国海南和厦门群体遗传多样性较低。地理距离最远的韩国群体和中国海南群体遗传分化最高(F_ST=0.177 5),地理距离最近的中国海南群体和厦门群体的遗传分化最低(F_ST=0.013 4)。Mantel检验结果显示，3个褐石斑鱼群体间遗传距离和地理距离间存在显著相关，距离隔离(Isolation by Distance, IBD)...     

低龄二化螟幼虫在12套水稻作图群体亲本上的存活率比较

在两个水稻生育期即水稻分蘖盛期和水稻抽穗盛期 ,以 12套水稻遗传作图群体亲本为材料 ,通过实验室和网室二化螟接初孵幼虫实验 ,测定幼龄二化螟的存活率 ,以进行每套父母本抗二化螟水平差异的比较鉴定。结果表明 ,IR6 2 2 6 6 - 42 - 6 - 2和 CT9993- 5 - 10 - 1- M这对亲本在二化螟抗性水平上存在显著差异 ,说明它们作为亲本构建的群体有潜力作为定位抗螟虫数量性状基因的实验材料。具有这种潜力的水稻遗传作图群体还有 CO39和 IAC16 5、珍汕 97A与明恢 6 3、京系 17和窄叶青 8、L emont和特青、IR6 4和 Azuce-na,、IR2 0和 6 3- 83、Bala和 Azucena等为亲本构建的群体。而 Asominori和 IR2 4这对水稻遗传作图群体则不具备该种潜力。因此 ,在后续的研究中 ,采用了籼稻 IR6 2 2 6 6 - 42 - 6 - 2和粳稻 CT9993- 5 - 10 - 1- M为亲本的加倍单倍体 (doubled haploid)群体进行水稻抗二化螟的数量性状基因 (Quantitative Trait L oci,QTL )定位和遗传分析 ,取得了较好的结果。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.