硫化物在FCC催化剂上的裂化脱硫研究

采用微反、元素分析、微库仑法和PFPD色谱等评价分析手段，对硫醇、硫醚、噻吩、甲基噻吩和苯并噻吩等硫化物在FCC催化剂上的裂化脱硫行为进行了研究。结果表明，硫醇、硫醚易于裂化脱硫，在实验条件下其脱硫率在95％左右；噻吩、苯并噻吩则相对较难裂化脱硫，两者的脱硫率均为65％；甲基噻吩比噻吩容易裂化脱硫，但其脱硫率低于硫醇和硫醚。苯并噻吩较容易生成含硫焦炭，脱除的硫中有15．6％进入焦炭中；而其他几种硫化物生成的含硫焦炭上硫的量较少，都在7％以下。此外，硫醇、硫醚和苯并噻吩在反应过程中除裂化和生焦反应外，基本上不会生成其他硫化物，而噻吩、甲基噻吩在反应中则会相互转化。     

四氢噻吩与硫酸镁热化学还原生成H_2S机制

针对注蒸汽开采稠油过程中次生硫化氢生成机制尚不清晰,生成路径复杂等问题,以稠油含硫模型化合物四氢噻吩+硫酸镁+水反应体系为研究对象,利用热模拟实验探究该热化学还原反应生成H_2S的机制、路径和反应动力学。结果表明:四氢噻吩+硫酸镁+水反应体系发生热化学还原反应的路径为含硫有机物的水解、硫酸根的质子化、硫化氢自催化、硫代硫酸盐向有机硫化物转化以及硫化物的热解和水解等过程;反应生成物包括羰基硫、硫醇、噻吩和硫醚类硫化物、H_2、CO_2、H_2S、MgO及烃类气体,裂解和缩聚反应同时存在,反应体系的反应级数为0.8,表观活化能为28.102 kJ/mol。     

含水条件下正己烷与硫酸镁热化学还原反应体系模拟

利用高压釜反应装置,在高温高压含水条件下对正己烷与硫酸镁热化学还原反应体系进行模拟,通过气相色谱仪、微库仑仪、毛细管气相色谱/脉冲火焰光度检测器、红外光谱仪及X射线衍射仪对气、油、固3相产物分别进行分析,并进行动力学研究.结果表明,反应体系在温度425～525℃内可以发生热化学还原反应,主要生成氧化镁、硫、焦炭、硫化氢、二氧化碳以及硫醇、硫醚和噻吩类等一系列有机硫化物,反应活化能为56.404 kJ/mol.     

反应温度对NiMoS/γ-Al2O3上1-己烯与硫化氢反应的影响

在高压釜中考察不同反应温度下1-己烯与硫化氢在NiMoS/γ-Al2O3上的反应,探讨1-己烯与硫化氢的反应机制.结果表明:1-己烯与硫化氧反应主要生成硫醇和噻吩类化合物;反应温度越高,生成硫化物的量越多;硫醇主要有2-己硫醇和正丙硫醇;噻吩类化合物中生成量最大的2,5-二甲基噻吩的生成量也随着反应温度的升高迅速增加;噻吩类化合物主要有2,5-二甲基噻吩、2-乙基噻吩和2-丙基噻吩,350℃时三者在总硫中的质量分数之和达69.46%;1-己烯还发生饱和反应和双键异构反应,正己烷和3-己烯的质量分数都随着反应温度的升高而增加,2-己烯的质量分数随着反应温度的升高先增加后减少.     

甲醇存在时丁硫醚的催化转化反应研究

在固定床微型反应器中,以丁硫醚为研究对象,探讨了其在HZSM-5分子筛作用下催化转化反应规律。丁硫醚比较容易发生转化,在350℃可大部分发生裂解,主要生成硫化氢气体,在裂解时也可环化生成四氢噻吩。通过浸渍法引入稀土Ce离子使HZSM-5分子筛对丁硫醚的裂解活性得到提高,裂解产物四氢噻吩的量也有增大趋势。探讨了丁硫醚的反应历程,认为烷基硫醚类化合物裂解过程中,碳硫键的断裂生成类硫醇物种的一步是其裂解关键步骤。     

催化裂化液体产品中硫化物的形态分析

应用气相色谱–脉冲火焰光度检测器(GC–PFPD)对俄罗斯原油常压渣油进行催化裂化反应后,所得液相产物中的含硫化合物进行定性定量分析。结果表明:所含硫化物以噻吩类、苯并噻吩类、二苯并噻吩类为主。采用不同的平均校正因子对催化汽油和柴油馏分中的总硫及主要硫化物含量进行分析。考察了催化裂化反应中剂油比及温度对催化汽油和柴油中总硫及主要硫化物含量的影响。     

以硅钨杂多酸盐为催化剂对模拟柴油氧化脱硫的研究

合成了带两缺陷的Keggin型硅钨杂多酸盐Q6[K2γ-SiW10O36],并以此作为催化剂,以双氧水为氧化剂,对模拟柴油进行氧化脱硫的研究.实验结果表明:(C21H46N)6[K2γ-SiW10O36]表现出了较好的催化活性;在50℃,氧硫比O/S=5条件下,1h内脱硫率可达100%;不同含硫化合物被氧化的难易顺序为二苯并噻吩(DBT)>4-甲基二苯并噻吩(4MDBT)>4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩(4,6-DMDBT)>苯并噻吩(BT),含硫化合物的氧化活性与其中硫原子电子密度和取代基的空间位阻有关.     

氧气氧化脱除模拟汽柴油中的稠环噻吩类硫化物

在无催化剂的反应体系中,氧气与烃类反应生成有机过氧化物,利用有机过氧化物将模拟汽柴油中的稠环噻吩类硫化物氧化.实验中考察了反应温度、反应时间、氧气分压对二苯并噻吩和噻吩脱除的影响.实验结果表明:反应温度140,℃、反应时间4,h、初始氧气分压0.4,MPa时,二苯并噻吩的脱除率达到98.4%,;在反应温度150,℃、反应时间4,h、初始氧气分压0.8,MPa的条件下,噻吩的脱除率能达到81.8%,.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对二苯并噻吩氧化反应后产生的白色晶体进行了表征,确定其为二苯并噻吩砜.     

汽油在碱性电解体系中电化学氧化脱硫热力学可行性分析

以汽油中硫醇类、硫醚类和噻吩类硫化物为模型硫化物,应用热力学和电化学原理,通过标准状态下的热力学数据计算模型硫化物可能发生反应的标准自由能变(△rGMΘ)和理论分解电压(EΘ),从理论上分析汽油在碱电解体系中电化学催化氧化脱硫的热力学可行性。     

基于量子化学理论的煤中非噻吩型有机硫热解机理

采用密度泛函（DFT）方法,在B3LYP/6-31G（d）水平上研究了煤中非噻吩型有机硫的热解机理。分别对苯硫醇、二甲基硫醚进行量子化学计算,通过对键的Mulliken重叠布居数等计算结果的分析,得到了这三类非噻吩型有机硫的热解途径。计算结果表明,C-S键是热解引发键,含硫部分则较易于与氢自由基结合,以H2S的形式逸出。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.