Enhancement of the efficiency of PEI/liposome transfection by magnetofectins formed via electrostatic self-assembly

One of the major challenges for successful gene therapy is improving the transfection efficiency of non-viral vectors. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been developed as enhancers of non-viral vehicles. We prepared MNPs and modified them with polyethyleneimine (PEI), citric acid (CA) or carboxylmethyl-dextran (CMD). Both positively charged MNPs (MNPs@PEI) and negatively charged MNPs (MNPs@CA, MNPs@CMD) could spontaneously form transfection complexes (magnetofectins) with plasmid DNA and PEI/liposome via electrostatic self-assembly. Our results showed as-prepared magnetofectins apparently enhanced PEI/liposome transfection efficiency and/or gene expression level into COS-7 cells with reduced transfection time from 4 h to 15 min under a magnetic field in vitro. Meanwhile, the effect of magnetofection was cell line-dependant. These results suggest that charged MNPs could improve transfection efficiency for non-viral vectors by simply mixing with them and by exerting a magnetic force. Thus such MNPs provide a convenient platform for further applications of gene delivery.     

大鼠血管内皮细胞siRNA转染条件的优化

目的:旨在优化siRNA转染大鼠血管内皮细胞的转染条件.方法:将0.75μL和1.5μL的脂质体LipofectamineTM3000分别与20、40、60、80nmol带荧光标记的FAMsiRNA组合,转染6、12、18、24h后,用荧光显微镜计数阳性细胞率、MTT法检测各浓度条件下内皮细胞的存活率,筛选最优转染条件.结果:(1)转染12h后,用荧光显微镜检测20、40、60、80nmol各组,均可观察到绿色荧光(2)siRNA浓度为60nmol/L,脂质体为1.5μL的组合转染效率最高,继续增加siRNA的浓度,转染效率提高不明显.(3)转染时间超过24h,各组细胞荧光减弱,细胞死亡率显著增加.结论:结果表明,以1.5μL LipofectamineTM3000与60nmol/L的siRNA浓度组成转染混合物转染12h可以实现对大鼠血管内皮细胞高效转染并保持较高的细胞活性.     

KLF4沉默与阿霉素诱导的DNA损伤协同抑制肝癌HepG2细胞的生长

探究KLF4沉默与经不同作用浓度阿霉素处理诱导的DNA损伤对肝癌HepG2细胞增殖凋亡的影响及其作用机制.应用RNA干扰技术,采用siRNA转染HepG2细胞以沉默KLF4基因.采用MTT法检测KLF4沉默前后对HepG2细胞增殖的影响,使用流式细胞术检测KLF4沉默前后对HepG2细胞周期变化影响,应用Western blot法检测转染前后HepG2细胞中KLF4蛋白及细胞周期相关蛋白表达变化.Western blot检测到高浓度的阿霉素促进KLF4的表达,并且低浓度的阿霉素可使得细胞停滞在G2/M期,高浓度的阿霉素则使部分细胞凋亡(19.31%).将KLF4沉默后,发现细胞生长变缓,低浓度的阿霉素处理后,细胞随时间增加而出现更多的细胞凋亡;高浓度的阿霉素处理后,细胞数明显减少,更多的细胞发生凋亡(28.89%),且在KLF4沉默前后均发现低浓度阿霉素促进p53与p21表达,高浓度阿霉素抑制其表达.阿霉素诱导的DNA损伤可提高KLF4的表达,KLF4依赖于DNA损伤激活的p53促进p21的表达,进而引起G1/S期细胞周期阻滞.沉默KLF4与阿霉素诱导的DNA损伤可协同抑制肝癌细胞的增殖、促进凋亡,其在肝癌细胞 HepG2中扮演十分重要的角色.     

Monoclonal antibodies identify a cell-surface antigen associated with an activated cellular oncogene

A variety of antigens have been identified on the surface of the malignant cell. However, identical antigens are often found on non-malignant cells of the same or different histological origin, or of a different stage of embryonic development. Many of these tumour-associated antigens appear to be only incidentally expressed on neoplastic cells. Clearly, it would be of great interest to identify cell-surface antigens whose expression is associated specifically with the transformed state and linked directly with the mechanisms responsible for transformation. The detection of activated cellular oncogenes in human and animal cancer cells by the technique of DNA transfection has allowed the isolation of genetic elements which are thought to have a critical role in malignancy. Here, in an effort to identify cell-surface antigens associated with the neoplastic process, we have generated hybridomas which secrete monoclonal antibodies that react specifically with cell-surface determinants found on NIH 3T3 cells transformed by transfection with a group of rat neuroblastoma oncogenes. These antibodies bind to and immunoprecipitate a phosphoprotein of relative molecular mass 185,000 (185 K) from a DNA donor rat neuroblastoma and 13 independent rat neuroblastoma DNA transfectants. There was no antibody reactivity with normal NIH 3T3 cells or with NIH 3T3 cells transformed by various other agents.     

Ha-ras和Ki-ras癌基因转染和细胞对小鼠细小病毒杀伤敏感性的相关性(英文)

为研究Ha－ras和Ki－ras癌基因转染和细胞对小鼠细小病毒（MVM）杀伤敏感性间的关系，两个细胞株，即Ki－ras癌基因转化细胞株DT和Ha－ras癌基因转化细胞株REF4-3，被用来作为研究材料．体外细胞集落形成率和细胞在裸小鼠体内的成瘤能力测定显示，和对照细胞NIH／3T3相比，REF4－3和DT对MVM的杀伤作用更敏感．同时，DNA杂交和蛋白免疫沉淀实验结果也显示，在REF-3和DT细胞中，无论是MVM的DNA增殖能力还是其NS－1蛋白的表达能力，均较在其对照组NIH／3T3细胞中高很多．FACA测定也显示，在感染MVM30h后，S期细胞的比例在REF4－3和DT细胞中都有增加，而在NIH／3T3细胞中却略微减少．通过PCR方法也可发现，在受到MVM抑制的REF-3肿瘤中仍可检测到MVM的DNA．     

纳米谷氨酸壳聚糖制备及其体外质粒转染研究

采用表面修饰方法制备出谷氨酸修饰的壳聚糖纳米基因载体。对样品进行红外分析、粒度分析、zeta电位分析、生物相容性、凝胶阻滞分析、DNA保护性试验、体外细胞转染研究。结果显示所制得的谷氨酸修饰的壳聚糖纳米颗粒平均粒径为170nm,其zeta电位为 4.7mV。红外分析显示谷氨酸已通过酰胺键结合在壳聚糖上。MTT实验结果显示纳米颗粒与细胞有良好的生物相容性。凝胶阻滞分析和DNA保护试验结果表明纳米载体可与DNA通过电性结合作用而结合,并可以有效保护DNA,防止核酸酶对其的降解作用。而体外细胞转染的结果表明,谷氨酸修饰的纳米粒能介导pEGFP-N1质粒转染HepG2细胞并在细胞中表达绿色荧光蛋白。因此,谷氨酸修饰的壳聚糖纳米颗粒可作为一种新型非病毒基因载体介导核酸类生物大分子进入细胞内。     

脂质体转染人肝星状细胞和肝细胞条件优化

利用Lipofectamine 2000(Lipo)介导LacZ及EGFP基因转染人肝星状细胞系LX-2和人肝细胞系Chang Liver,探讨Lipo用量、质粒用量、转染时间、细胞初始接种密度及不同启动子驱动对转染效率的影响.结果显示,两种细胞均能得到高效转染,Chang Liver细胞转染效率(80%)高于LX-2细胞(60%).Lipo用量为每孔2μL,转染后6 h换液,LX-2细胞应用质粒DNA为每孔0.45μg,Chang Liver细胞应用质粒DNA为每孔0.30~0.45μg,此时转染效率最高.巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子驱动LacZ转染效率与CMV早期增强子/鸡β肌动蛋白(CAG)启动子驱动增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)转染效率无显著差异;细胞初始接种密度对转染效率无显著影响.     

Enhancement of transfection efficiency for HeLa cells via incorporating arginine moiety into chitosan

Arginine-rich peptides have attracted considerable attention due to their distinct internalization mechanism. It was reported that arginine and guanidino moieties were able to translocate through cell membranes and played a critical role in the process of membrane permeation. In this work, arginine was conjugated to the backbone of chitosan to form a novel chitosan derivative, arginine modified chitosan (Arg-CS). Arg-CS/DNA complexes were prepared according to the method of coacervation process. The physicochemical properties of Arg-CS and Arg-CS/DNA complexes were characterized and the transfection activity and efficiency mediated by Arg-CS/DNA complexes were investigated taking HeLa cells as target cells. Arg-CS was characterized by FTIR and 13C NMR. Arg-CS/DNA polye- lectrolyte complexes were investigated by agarose gel retardation, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results revealed that the Arg-CS/DNA complexes started to form at N/P ratio of 2:1, and the size of particles varied from 100 to 180 nm. The cytotoxicity of Arg-CS and their complexes with plasmid DNA were determined by MTT assay for HeLa cells, and the results suggested that Arg-CS/DNA complexes were slightly less toxic than Arg-CS. Moreover, the derivative alone and their complexes showed significantly lower toxicity than PEI and PEI/DNA complexes, respectively. Taking HeLa cells as target cells and using pGL3-control as reporter gene, the luciferase expression mediated by Arg-CS was greatly enhanced to about 100 folds compared with the luciferase expression mediated by chitosan at different pH media. These results suggest that Arg-CS is a promising candi- date as a safe and efficient vector for gene delivery and transfection.     

Non-viral gene carrier mediated short hairpin RNA interference for inhibition of tumor cells growth

A tumor-targeting gene vector G250mAb-PEI-PEG has been prepared by modification of polyethylenimine （PEI） with polyethyleneglycol （PEG） and G250, a monoclonal antibody against the G250 antigen on tumor cell surface. The transfection efficiency was as high as 70% in G250 positive HeLa cells, whereas the transfection efficiency was relatively low （30%） in normal NIH3T3 cells. A plasmid encoding the short hairpin RNA （shRNA） specific for nucleostemin gene （NS） was efficiently transfected into the HeLa cells with this nonviral gene vector. RNA interference down-regulated the expression of NS gene in HeLa cells, inhibited cells proliferation and induced apoptosis. However, the growth and activity of the NIH3T3 cells were not affected under the same treatment. These results indicate that the reported nonviral gene vector, G250mAb-PEI-PEG, can target and efficiently deliver genes into HeLa cells, and has the potential for the cervical cancer treatment.     

抗人PD-L1单克隆抗体的瞬转表达

利用HEK293 6E细胞瞬转表达抗人PD L1单克隆抗体. 将HEK293 6E细胞无血清悬浮培养, 筛选最佳生长培养基; 考察HEK293 6E细胞的筛选表达培养基、 DNA和PEI质量比及转染时细胞密度等转染条件, 并对收获的抗体进行SDS PAGE和ELISA鉴定. 结果表明: 在A无血清表达培养基中, 以2×106个/mL的细胞密度和m(DNA)∶m(PEI)=1的条件转染, 第4天收获抗体的产量最高, 为170.9 μg/mL; 收获PD-L1抗体的重链分子量约为50 000, 轻链分子量约为25 000.     

Enhancement of transfection efficiency for HeLa cells via incorporating arsinine moiety into chitosan

Arginine-rich peptides have attracted considerable attention due to their distinct internalization mechanism. It was reported that arginine and guanidino moieties were able to translocate through cell membranes and played a critical role in the process of membrane permeation. In this work, arginine was conjugated to the backbone of chitosan to form a novel chitosan derivative, arginine modified chitosan （Arg-CS）. Arg-CS/DNA complexes were prepared according to the method of coacervation process. The physicochemical properties of Arg-CS and Arg-CS/DNA complexes were characterized and the transfection activity and efficiency mediated by Arg-CS/DNA complexes were investigated taking HeLa cells as target cells. Arg-CS was characterized by FTIR and ^13C NMR. Arg-CS/DNA polyelectrolyte complexes were investigated by agarose gel retardation, dynamic light scattering （DLS） and atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The results revealed that the Arg-CS/DNA complexes started to form at N/P ratio of 2：1, and the size of particles varied from 100 to 180 nm. The cytotoxicity of Arg-CS and their complexes with plasmid DNA were determined by MTT assay for HeLa cells, and the results suggested that Arg-CS/DNA complexes were slightly less toxic than Arg-CS. Moreover, the derivative alone and their complexes showed significantly lower toxicity than PEI and PEI/DNA complexes, respectively. Taking HeLa cells as target cells and using pGL3-control as reporter gene, the luciferase expression mediated by Arg-CS was greatly enhanced to about 100 folds compared with the luciferase expression mediated by chitosan at different pH media. These results suggest that Arg-CS is a promising candidate as a safe and efficient vector for gene delivery and transfection.     

Isolation of a new human oncogene from a diffuse B-cell lymphoma

Utilizing DNA transfection analysis with the continuous NIH 3T3 cell line as assay cell, we and other have observed that as many as 10-50% of human haematopoietic tumours contain oncogenes, the vast majority of which are members of the ras proto-oncogene family. In addition, Cooper and co-workers have reported the detection and isolation of specific oncogenes, B-lym and T-lym, which appear to be activated in human and rodent tumours of certain B and T lymphoid cells, respectively. In surveying human haematopoietic malignancies, we observed that DNA of a primary human diffuse B-cell lymphoma induced an unusual transformed focus on transfection of NIH 3T3 cells. Here, we report the molecular cloning and physical characterization of this human oncogene, whose transforming activity was shown to reside within a human DNA sequence of 45 kilobases (kb) cloned in a cosmid vector. Its properties distinguish it from previously reported retroviral or nonretroviral oncogenes.     

NIH3T3细胞与其癌变细胞的PARP酶被抑制后DNA损伤修复的差异研究

PARP酶 (聚ADP核糖基聚合酶Poly ADP ribosepolymerase ,PARP)对于DNA损伤修复具有重要功能 ,正常细胞及其癌变细胞的该酶对抑制剂的敏感程度可能会有差异 .为此 ,通过姐妹染色体交换频率 ,带报告基因的质粒转化频率 ,以及彗星测定等方法 ,对DNA的损伤修复进行初步的检测 .实验结果表明 ,正常细胞和癌变细胞PARP酶在抑制剂作用下酶活性都会降低 ,但是癌变细胞的PARP酶对抑制剂更为敏感 .     

壳寡糖纳米载体细胞内递送EGFR脱氧核酶的研究

设计靶向EGFR mRNA的脱氧核酶(EGFR DRz),以壳寡糖(COS)为材料,建立了一种有效的纳米基因细胞内传递体系,并研究其介导的靶向EGFR的脱氧核酶在Hela细胞内的生物学效应.流式结果表明COS-EGFR DRz复合体转染效率为88.7%,与脂质体转染试剂的89.7%相比无显著差异.半定量RT-PCR结果显示,经壳寡糖纳米载体递送的EGFR DRz能有效地靶向切割Hela细胞内的EGFR mRNA,使其表达下降.进一步的流式分析显示细胞被阻滞在G0～G1期,并且出现凋亡现象,其中COS组的凋亡率为19.3%,大于对照组脂质体的凋亡率13.0%.研究表明,COS较脂质体有相似的转染效率和更低的毒性,是一种潜在的、有效的脱氧核酶递送载体.     

一种非病毒载体的组成与体外转基因能力的研究

目的：合成羟丙基β-环糊精偶联小分子量聚乙烯亚胺的共聚物,探讨不同聚乙烯亚胺偶联率的共聚物缩合DNA的能力,探讨不同偶联率的阳离子共聚物组成与转基因效率的关系。方法：通过NMR表征,凝胶阻滞DNA试验考察其缩合DNA能力,以MTT法检测不同偶联率共聚物的细胞毒性。以不同的偶联率共聚物为载体,在不同的N/P比值条件下,将荧光素酶基因导入非洲绿猴肾细胞COS-7,通过荧光素酶的表达检测比较不同偶联率的共聚物转染效率。结果：合成的不同偶联率的共聚物缩合DNA能力不同,转染效率也不同。结论：聚乙烯亚胺偶联率较高的阳离子共聚物缩合DNA的能力较强,转染效率较高。     

磷酸钙法将MMP-2，MMP-3双基因干扰载体转入HEK293T细胞的效率观察

检测用磷酸钙法能否将修饰后用于沉默MMP-2,MMP-3基因的慢病毒载体有效地转入到HEK293T细胞。利用磷酸钙法,MMP-2,MMP-3双基因干扰载体（MMP组）与对照质粒（对照组）被分别转染HEK293T细胞,在转染后的第24,48及72h,通过计算绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）阳性细胞数的百分比来判断转染效率。转染24h后,两组细胞均生长状况良好,荧光显微镜下观察,已有大量绿色荧光出现,计算MMP组转染效率为（91．5±6．2）％,对照组转染效率为（80．3±4．7）％;转染后48—72h,两组感染效率均未见明显下降。与对照相比,插入了MMP-2,MMP-3 shRNA模板序列的慢病毒载体没有降低磷酸钙法转染HEK293T细胞效率,反而有所增高。     

Restoration of rat calvarial defects by poly（lactide-co-glycolide）/ hydroxyapatite scaffolds loaded with bone mesenchymal stem cells and DNA complexes

A composite construct comprising of a bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) sheet, plasmid DNA, encoding human bone morphogenic protein-2 (hBMP-2), and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) sponge was designed and employed in the restoration of rat calvarial defects. To improve gene transfection efficiency, a cationic chitosan derivative, N,N,N,-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC), was employed as the vector. The TMC/DNA complexes had a transfection efficiency of 13% in rat BMSCs, resulting in heterogeneous hBMP-2 expression in a 10-d culture period in vitro. In vivo culture of the composite constructs was performed by implantation into rat full-thickness calvarial defects, using constructs lacking pDNA-hBMP-2 or BMSC sheets as controls. Significantly higher heterogeneous expression of hBMP-2 was detected in vivo at 2 weeks for the cell sheet/DNA complex/scaffold constructs, compared with the constructs lacking pDNA-hBMP-2 or BMSC sheets. New bone formation was evident as early as 4 weeks in the experimental constructs. At 8 weeks, partial bridging of calvarial defects was observed in the experimental constructs, which was significantly better than the constructs lacking pDNA-hBMP-2 or BMSC sheets. Therefore, the combination of the PLGA/HA scaffold with BMSC sheets and gene therapy vectors is effective at enhancing bone formation.     

降低聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶活性对外源癌基因诱导的NIH3T3转化的逆转作用研究

用ＰＡＲＰ酶抑制剂苯甲酰胺（ＢＡ）处理经ｃ－Ｈａ－Ｔ２４－ｒａｓ活化癌基因转染的ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞得到转化细胞系，结果表明：经苯甲酸胺处理的细胞系，其细胞凝集、血清依赖性、形态特征等均发生了改变，呈现出正常细胞的特征．Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交结果表明，已整合到细胞基因组中的外源Ｔ２４～ｒａｓ基因发生了丢失．     

供精个体和异种动物精浆对小鼠精子介导转染外源基因效率影响的研究

目的探讨供精个体和异种动物精浆对小鼠精子转染外源DNA效率的影响,以探索精子作为外源基因的载体建立转基因小鼠的影响因素。方法从性成熟小鼠的输精管及部分附睾管中取出精子,用DIG免疫组化方法检测和比较精予转染效率,因素为供精个体和异种动物精浆。结果不同供精个体间转染效率存在一定差异,但有的个体问差异极显著（P〈0．01）,而有的个体间差异不显著：共孵育体系中异种动物精浆可显著降低转染效率（实验组与对照组分别为（8．6±1．7）％VS（51．3±5.3）％,P〈0．01）。结论小鼠供精个体和异种动物精浆可影响小鼠精予转染外源DNA的效率。     

Nonrandom loss of chromosome 15 in Syrian hamster tumours induced by v-Ha-ras plus v-myc oncogenes

Nonrandom chromosome rearrangements, observed in a variety of human and animal tumours, are associated in some cases with enhanced expression or deregulation of cellular oncogenes. Recently, it was shown that normal, diploid rodent cells are neoplastically transformed following transfection with two cooperating oncogenes, for example myc plus ras. However, the number of steps necessary to convert a normal cell into a malignant cell is unknown. If activation of two oncogenes is sufficient for tumorigenicity, tumours derived from diploid cells transformed by the transfected oncogenes may remain diploid or have only random chromosome alterations. We have performed cytogenetic analyses of tumours formed after transfection of Syrian hamster embryo cells with either v-Ha-ras plus v-myc DNAs or polyoma DNA alone. Whereas polyoma-induced, tumour-derived cells were diploid, tumours induced by v-Ha-ras plus v-myc oncogenes were monoclonal and had a nonrandom chromosome change, monosomy of chromosome 15. Thus, an additional change, loss of chromosome 15, is required for or is advantageous for tumorigenicity induced by v-Ha-ras plus v-myc oncogenes. These results suggest that the neoplastic progression of normal, diploid cells requires more than two steps under certain conditions.