NIH3T3细胞与其癌变细胞的PARP酶被抑制后DNA损伤修复的 …

ＰＡＲＰ酶（聚ＡＤＰ核糖基聚合酶Ｐｏｌｙ－ＡＤＰ－ｒｉｂｏｓｅ ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅ，ＰＡＲＰ）对于ＤＮＡ损伤修复具有重要功能，正常细胞及其癌变细胞的该酶对抑制剂的敏感程度可能会有差异。为此，通过姐妹染色体交换频率，带报告基因的质粒转化频率，以及彗星测定等方法，对ＤＮＡ的损伤修复进行初步的检测。实验结果表明，正常细胞和癌变细胞ＰＡＲＰ酶在抑制剂作用下酶活性都会降低，但是癌变细胞的ＰＡＲＰ酶对抑制剂     

新制癌菌素诱导小鼠海马神经元细胞DNA损伤的作用研究

为了探索化学诱导物新制癌菌素(NCS)对小鼠海马神经元细胞株HT22 DNA损伤的影响,研究以9Gy X射线辐照为阳性对照组,通过CCK8试剂盒法检测绘制NCS作用下HT22细胞生长曲线以明确NCS处理细胞的最佳浓度,经Hoechst染色和TUNEL染色观察该剂量NCS对细胞DNA损伤及凋亡的影响,用免疫荧光染色结合Western blot分析HT22细胞核中DNA损伤反应酶PARP1的表达变化.结果显示,NCS作用的终质量浓度为1 000 ng/m L时,从48 h起对HT22细胞增殖表现出显著的抑制作用;Hoechst染色可见NCS作用下HT22细胞DNA损伤加剧,TUNEL染色提示NCS能够诱导细胞凋亡;免疫荧光染色和Western-blot实验显示NCS能够促进细胞核内PARP1的表达.说明化学诱导剂NCS能够引起HT22细胞DNA损伤及凋亡以及上调DNA损伤反应酶PARP1的表达,可以用于模拟大剂量射线对细胞的辐射损伤效应.     

拟南芥多聚ADP核糖聚合酶活性调控植物的抗旱性

为了观察植物多聚ADP核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase,PARP]的酶活对植物生长的作用,利用PARP抑制剂来抑制拟南芥PARP的体内活性,并观察表型.体外生化实验结果表明,3-氨基苯甲酰胺(3-Aminobenzamide,3-AB)可以抑制拟南芥PARP1和PARP2的多聚ADP核糖化修饰活性;利用3-AB来处理拟南芥,发现抑制剂处理过的植物表现出更强的耐旱能力.为了排除3-AB的非特异性作用,使用PARP的另外一个抑制剂苯甲酰胺(Benzamide,BA)对拟南芥进行处理,结果显示,BA处理后拟南芥也表现出相似的抗旱表型.另外,在正常生长条件下,3-AB或BA处理过的拟南芥生长量较大,植株鲜重明显增加.以上结果说明,抑制拟南芥PARP活性可以促进拟南芥抗旱能力的改善,其抑制剂具有潜在的应用价值.     

启动变异细胞凋亡的酶被发现

细胞中的DNA发生变异，细胞就会癌变。在以往的研究中，科学家们发现，细胞中抑制癌变的基因“p53”会判断DNA变异的程度，如果变异较小，这种基因就促使细胞自我修复，若DNA变异较大，“p53”就诱导细胞凋亡。“p53”能在某种酶的作用下被激活，但科学家一直未确定是哪种酶。     

聚ADP核糖基聚合酶的抑制剂苯甲酰胺在肺癌细胞PG凋亡中的作用

研究了聚ADP核糖基聚合酶（PARP）抑制剂苯甲酰胺（BA）在DNA损伤所造成的肺癌细胞（PG）凋亡过程中的作用,分别用MNNG（N－甲基－N－亚硝基氮亚硝基胍）和BA,以及同时用MNNG和BA处理PG细胞,然后用非放射性细胞增殖测定试剂盒和流式细胞仪测定PG细胞的增殖活性和细胞凋亡的变化,并用免疫组化法检测细胞中Bcl-2蛋白表达的变化,结果表明,在MNNG的作用下细胞的增殖活性受到明显抑制,细胞凋亡显著,Bcl-2蛋白低表达,单独用BA处理PG细胞时,细胞的增殖活性,细胞凋亡数及Bcl-2的表达与空白对照组相似,用BA和MNNG共同处理PG细胞时,细胞的增殖活性,细胞凋亡数及Bcl-2的表达,与对照细胞和BA单独处理的细胞相比均无明显差异,这说明PARP对诱导细胞凋亡起重要作用,而且这种作用可被PARP抑制剂BA所抑制。     

佛手叶挥发油诱导HeLa细胞凋亡与坏死

研究了佛手叶挥发油对He La细胞凋亡与坏死的影响.用单细胞凝胶电泳、DNA梯度电泳检测DNA损伤,流式细胞术检测细胞周期和DNA含量的变化,Western Blot检测凋亡相关蛋白PARP的表达.结果显示:200μg/m L佛手叶挥发油处理He La细胞,彗星头缩小,荧光强度减弱且染色不均匀,出现彗尾,G2/M期细胞数量增加,PARP蛋白几乎全部被切割;400μg/m L佛手叶挥发油处理He La细胞,DNA梯度条带明显,表明大多数细胞处于晚期凋亡阶段;800μg/m L佛手叶挥发油处理He La细胞,无大分子条带,DNA完全断裂.表明200μg/m L和400μg/m L佛手叶挥发油可诱导He La细胞凋亡,800μg/m L佛手叶挥发油诱导He La细胞坏死.     

融合蛋白PTD-SOD对紫外辐射引起的细胞损伤的保护作用

采用MTT法、琼脂糖电泳以及测定细胞内抗氧化指标的方法研究融合型超氧化物歧化酶PTD-SOD对UVB照射引起的L-02细胞损伤的保护和修复作用.细胞存活实验表明,辐射时间为45 min,SOD活力为1 200U·mL-1时,在PTD-SOD保护和恢复作用下的细胞存活率可达94.0%和82.5%,而野生型SOD作用下的细胞存活率仅为68.2%和54.1%,与正常对照组相近.琼脂糖电泳结果显示,PTD-SOD能有效降低辐射对L-02细胞DNA的损伤程度.酶法检测细胞内的抗氧化指标时发现,PTD-SOD能有效地提高细胞内SOD活性,同时检测到细胞内过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力的增加.相对野生型SOD,融合蛋白PTD-SOD对UVB辐射下L-02细胞的保护和恢复能力得到了显著的增强,具有作为防治UVB损伤药物的潜力.     

用细小病毒H-1探测人细胞中的直接诱变与间接诱变途径

用细小病毒H-1为探针,可在人细胞中检测由紫外线照射诱导的三种不同致突变途径.直接突变产生于细胞的结构性复制(或修复)功能对受损DNA模板的复制;间接无靶突变和间接有靶突变分别产生于紫外线诱导的易错修复功能对完整模板和模板上的靶损伤的作用.在低剂量范围内,间接无靶突变在某些DNA毒剂诱导的细胞突变中起主要作用.某些DNA损伤,如烷化剂诱导的次级损伤(无碱基位损伤)可作为诱导性易错修复功能的靶损伤.     

靶向碱基切除修复途径以克服结直肠癌细胞中的阿霉素耐药性

结直肠癌(CRC)具有非常高的发病率和死亡率，成为全球第三大最常见的恶性肿瘤和第二大最致命的癌症.阿霉素作为化学治疗药物，多年来一直广泛应用于癌症临床治疗，但由于其耐药性和副作用，治疗效果较为有限.已有研究证明，在癌细胞中DNA修复能力会大大增强，这在很大程度上会使得癌细胞在化学治疗药物引起的DNA损伤中存活下来. Flap核酸内切酶1(FEN1)在各种类型的癌细胞中表达较高，并在DNA损伤修复中起着关键作用.研究表明，FEN1抑制剂SC13显著增强了阿霉素的治疗效果，这种联合治疗可以通过激活cyclinD-CDK4-6/INK4/Rb通路进而抑制结直肠癌的细胞增殖，故靶向FEN1可为阿霉素在临床使用中提供一种新的策略.     

2-TeCD对UVB致NIH3T3细胞损伤的保护作用

采用4,6 二脒基二苯基吲哚（DAPI）荧光染色法和流式细胞术考察谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）活力的人工模拟物2-TeCD对UVB致NIH3T3细胞损伤的保护作用. 结果表明： 2-TeCD可影响UVB致NIH3T3细胞中DNA裂解率、 脂质过氧化水平、 活性氧体积分数、 细胞周期及 P53蛋白表达量等指标, 可通过清除自由基发挥对UVB损伤的防护作用.     

Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) facilitates DNA repair by binding to DNA breaks and attracting DNA repair proteins to the site of damage. Nevertheless, PARP1-/- mice are viable, fertile and do not develop early onset tumours. Here, we show that PARP inhibitors trigger gamma-H2AX and RAD51 foci formation. We propose that, in the absence of PARP1, spontaneous single-strand breaks collapse replication forks and trigger homologous recombination for repair. Furthermore, we show that BRCA2-deficient cells, as a result of their deficiency in homologous recombination, are acutely sensitive to PARP inhibitors, presumably because resultant collapsed replication forks are no longer repaired. Thus, PARP1 activity is essential in homologous recombination-deficient BRCA2 mutant cells. We exploit this requirement in order to kill BRCA2-deficient tumours by PARP inhibition alone. Treatment with PARP inhibitors is likely to be highly tumour specific, because only the tumours (which are BRCA2-/-) in BRCA2+/- patients are defective in homologous recombination. The use of an inhibitor of a DNA repair enzyme alone to selectively kill a tumour, in the absence of an exogenous DNA-damaging agent, represents a new concept in cancer treatment.     

Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are important for DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination, and mutations in these genes predispose to breast and other cancers. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an enzyme involved in base excision repair, a key pathway in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks. We show here that BRCA1 or BRCA2 dysfunction unexpectedly and profoundly sensitizes cells to the inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity, resulting in chromosomal instability, cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis. This seems to be because the inhibition of PARP leads to the persistence of DNA lesions normally repaired by homologous recombination. These results illustrate how different pathways cooperate to repair damage, and suggest that the targeted inhibition of particular DNA repair pathways may allow the design of specific and less toxic therapies for cancer.     

Apoptosis Induced by High Concentrations of Nicotinamide in Tobacco Suspension Cells

As an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), nicotinamide has a restraining effect on apoptosis at certain low concentrations. In our present study, apoptosis induced by high concentrations of nicotinamide was observed in tobacco suspension cells. When cells were preincubated with 250 mmol/L nicotinamide for 24 h, the hallmarks of apoptosis were detected, including DNA fragments increasing in size by multiples of 180-200 bp，the condensation and peripheral distribution of nuclear chromatin, and a positive reaction to the TUNEL assay. At the same time, the degradation of PARP and the reduction in the potential of the inner membrane of mitochondria appeared in apoptotic cells induced by high concentrations of nicotinamide. This result indicates that apoptosis induced by high concentrations of nicotinamide is associated with caspase-3-1ike activity and with the opening of mitochondrial permeability pores. These results partially support the hypothesis that high concentrations of PARP inhibitor could force cells to enter an apoptotic pathway by delay of DNA repair in replicating cells.     

Structure of a repair enzyme interrogating undamaged DNA elucidates recognition of damaged DNA

How DNA repair proteins distinguish between the rare sites of damage and the vast expanse of normal DNA is poorly understood. Recognizing the mutagenic lesion 8-oxoguanine (oxoG) represents an especially formidable challenge, because this oxidized nucleobase differs by only two atoms from its normal counterpart, guanine (G). Here we report the use of a covalent trapping strategy to capture a human oxoG repair protein, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase I (hOGG1), in the act of interrogating normal DNA. The X-ray structure of the trapped complex features a target G nucleobase extruded from the DNA helix but denied insertion into the lesion recognition pocket of the enzyme. Free energy difference calculations show that both attractive and repulsive interactions have an important role in the preferential binding of oxoG compared with G to the active site. The structure reveals a remarkably effective gate-keeping strategy for lesion discrimination and suggests a mechanism for oxoG insertion into the hOGG1 active site.     

Expression of the E. coli uvrA gene is inducible

UvrA+-dependent excision repair is one of the most important systems in Escherichia coli for repairing UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and a variety of other forms of DNA damage. The uvrA protein acts in conjunction with the uvrB and uvrC gene products to introduce a nick at the of a DNA lesion and thus initiate the repair process. We have recently used the Mud(Ap, lac) operon fusion vector to identify a set of genes whose expression is induced by DNA damage. One Mud(Ap, lac) insertion mapped at the uvrA locus and made the cells sensitive to UV light. In this fusion strain, beta-galactosidase expression was induced by DNA-damaging agents in a recA+lexA+-dependent fashion. We were surprised by this result because uvrA+-dependent excision repair is observed both in cells in which protein synthesis has been inhibited and in recA- and lexA- cells, findings which have led to the conclusion that the uvrA gene product is constitutively expressed and not under the control of the complex recA+lexA+ regulatory circuitry (see below). We have investigated this possibility further and describe here the generation and characterization of a set of fusions of the lac genes to the promoter of the uvrA gene. We confirm that the uvrA gene product is induced by DNA damage in a recA+lexA+-dependent fashion.     

Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response

Ionizing radiation represents the most effective therapy for glioblastoma (World Health Organization grade IV glioma), one of the most lethal human malignancies, but radiotherapy remains only palliative because of radioresistance. The mechanisms underlying tumour radioresistance have remained elusive. Here we show that cancer stem cells contribute to glioma radioresistance through preferential activation of the DNA damage checkpoint response and an increase in DNA repair capacity. The fraction of tumour cells expressing CD133 (Prominin-1), a marker for both neural stem cells and brain cancer stem cells, is enriched after radiation in gliomas. In both cell culture and the brains of immunocompromised mice, CD133-expressing glioma cells survive ionizing radiation in increased proportions relative to most tumour cells, which lack CD133. CD133-expressing tumour cells isolated from both human glioma xenografts and primary patient glioblastoma specimens preferentially activate the DNA damage checkpoint in response to radiation, and repair radiation-induced DNA damage more effectively than CD133-negative tumour cells. In addition, the radioresistance of CD133-positive glioma stem cells can be reversed with a specific inhibitor of the Chk1 and Chk2 checkpoint kinases. Our results suggest that CD133-positive tumour cells represent the cellular population that confers glioma radioresistance and could be the source of tumour recurrence after radiation. Targeting DNA damage checkpoint response in cancer stem cells may overcome this radioresistance and provide a therapeutic model for malignant brain cancers.     

降低聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶活性对外源癌基因诱导的NIH3T3转化的逆转作用研究

用ＰＡＲＰ酶抑制剂苯甲酰胺（ＢＡ）处理经ｃ－Ｈａ－Ｔ２４－ｒａｓ活化癌基因转染的ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞得到转化细胞系，结果表明：经苯甲酸胺处理的细胞系，其细胞凝集、血清依赖性、形态特征等均发生了改变，呈现出正常细胞的特征．Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交结果表明，已整合到细胞基因组中的外源Ｔ２４～ｒａｓ基因发生了丢失．     

PML contributes to p53-independent p21 up-regulation in gamma-irradiation induced DNA damage responses

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 WAF1/Cip1 is a critical cell cycle regulator which translocates into the nucleus to participate in DNA repair during DNA damage responses. In the present study, we showed that the tumor suppressor, promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) contributes to the up-regulation of p21 in a p53-independent pathway. Knock-down of PML in p53-null H1299 and HCT 116 (p53 –/– ) tumor cells by specific siRNA resulted in down-regulation of p21 protein expression, inhibition of -irradi...     

辛伐他汀对小鼠结肠癌细胞CT26凋亡的诱导作用及机理研究

考察了辛伐他汀对小鼠结肠癌细胞CT26生长率的影响,并探究其对CT26细胞凋亡的诱导作用及机理。以四甲基偶氮唑盐微量酶反应比色法测定辛伐他汀对CT26细胞生长的抑制情况;以蛋白质免疫印迹法测定细胞凋亡和增殖的标志蛋白PARP、Cleaved-PARP、P21和磷酸化的P53的蛋白表达水平;以AMPK的抑制剂Compound C来阻断AMPK信号途径后,观察辛伐他汀对CT26细胞中Cleaved-PARP表达的影响;以Compound C处理CT26细胞后,以RT-PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹法测定辛伐他汀在CT26细胞中诱导KLF2和KLF4的情况.辛伐他汀可以明显抑制CT26细胞生长,可以诱导CT26细胞中的凋亡相关的Cleaved-PARP蛋白上升,并且其作用机理可能和KLF4的上升有关.