有氧运动强度下不同运动方式的能量消耗及健身锻炼效果评价

探析有氧运动强度下,不同的运动方式的能量消耗情况,以及对健身锻炼的效果进行评价,为健身锻炼提供科学指导.选48名男性大学生参与测试,12人/组,分成跑步组、单车组、健身舞组、太极拳组.分三个步骤:1)有氧运动强度范围确定.2)便携式运动心肺功能仪测量摄氧量,计算能量消耗.3)八周健身锻炼效果评价.结果表明:1)有氧心率(115-150b/min)对应强度:跑步组对应速度6.9-9.3km/h,单车组对应功率为125-190w,健身舞组对应强度"有氧健身操Ⅱ""活力健身操""减脂活力操",太极拳组对应强度太极拳竞技套路.2)能量消耗:跑步组VO2为1729±257ml/min,能耗8.65±1.15kcal/min;单车组VO2为1575±233ml/min,能耗7.87±1.07kcal/min;健身舞组VO2为1714±218ml/min,能耗8.57±1.23kcal/min;太极拳组VO2为1406±185ml/min,能耗为7.13±1.01kcal/min.与跑步组比,单车组、太极拳组VO2和能耗均存在显著差异,p<0.05.3)八周健身效果:体重分别下降2.82±0.53kg、2.12±0.44kg、2.71±0.48kg、1.41±0.33kg;体脂％分别下降3.65±0.77、2.79±0.83、3.43±0.74、2.01±0.69;BMI分别下降1.01±0.23、0.74±0.25、0.94±0.31、0.50±0.18.与跑步组比,单车组(p<0.05)、太极拳组(p<0.01)所有指标存在显著差异.研究发现:有氧运动强度下,不同运动方式能量消耗存在项目差异;有氧运动强度下进行较长时间健身锻炼,均有健身效果,健身功效与运动形式的能耗密切相关.     

最大摄氧量判定指标标准的有效性研究

为探讨二级指标判定最大摄氧量的有效性、准确性,测定并分析了8名男大学生在递增负荷至力竭运动中的最大摄氧量(VO2max)、摄氧量平台、呼吸商(RER)、心率(HRmax)、血乳酸(LA)等指标,采用二级指标的某一固定值作为判定VO2max的标准,结果显示:在递增负荷至力竭运动中,以呼吸商1.10和1.15为判定标准,对应的摄氧量值分别为(3.78±0.89)L/min和(3.96±0.91)L/min,明显低估受试者实际最大摄氧量值的12.7%和8.5%;以心率≥180次/min和(220-年龄)±10次/min为判定标准,分别有2名和5名的受试者未能达标,但其中1/2和3/5的受试者已出现摄氧量平台;以血乳酸LA≥8mmol/L为判定标准,有2名受试者未达标,其中1人已出现摄氧量平台.认为在递增负荷至力竭运动中,采用呼吸商可能低估受试者的最大摄氧量值,采用心率和血乳酸可能低估最大摄氧量的达标率.因此,为提高评估的准确性和有效性,对次级指标标准的选用要慎重.     

步行与慢跑中人体三维加速度计数与能量消耗关系初探

三轴加速度计应用是目前国内外关于人体运动量及能耗研究中的热点,探索其定量分析人体运动的信度与效度是目前实验室比较关注的。选取44名非体育专业大学生,采用5.6km/h、6.4 km/h、8.0 km/h步速运动,利用间接热测定法做参考,分析步行与慢跑中三维加速度计数与能耗之间的相关性,不同性别下加速度计数的变化特点,以及不同身体指标间三维加速度计数与能耗之间变化差异。研究结果认为,不同性别间在5.6km/h、6.4 km/h速度下摄氧量、垂直轴counts、合矢量counts都存在极显著性差异(P<0.01),而冠状轴、失状轴counts与摄氧量/kg不存在显著差异(P<0.05);而在8.0 km/h速度慢跑下,摄氧量与失状轴、垂直轴counts存在显著性差异,与合矢量counts间不存在显著性差异(P=0.07);除性别外,身高、体重、去脂体重等身体指标与counts相关性均较低;调整性别和体重的影响后发现,垂直轴与合矢量counts与摄氧量、摄氧量/kg相关性极高(r>0.85),而与心率指标相关性稍低(r约为0.6)。     

不同速度登山的能耗分析与研究——以南京市紫金山为例

目的：研究在不同速度下登山的能耗特点,探索不同速度登山与能耗之间的量效关系。方法：测试12名志愿者分别沿着两条不同登山道用慢速、中速两种速度登紫金山,获得相关生理数据。结果：（1）沿中山书院登山道慢速登山的能耗为（310.28±49.33） kcal,中速为（336.91±51.09） kcal。（2）沿范鸿仙墓登山道慢速登山的能耗为（421.32±55.60） kcal,中速能耗为（432.95±60.55） kcal。结论：（1）两种速度沿同一条登山道登山的总能耗没有差异。（2）同一种速度沿范鸿仙墓登山道登山的总能耗均高于中山书院登山道的能耗。（3）分别建立登山总能耗预测方程即：中山书院登山道能耗预测方程为y（ kcal）＝160.629＋3.609＊体重（kg）－41.699＊性别（r^2＝0.86）;范鸿仙墓登山道能耗预测方程为y （ kcal ）＝686.2921.819＊体重（ kg）－116.434＊性别（ r^2＝0.81）;性别：男为1,女为2。     

应用K4b2心肺功能测定仪对日常体力活动能量消耗的测定

应用K4b2心肺功能测定仪对日常体力活动的能量消耗进行现场测定,以期为我国体力活动指南的制定提供基础资料。选取23名北医青年学生作为受试者,其中男11名,女12名,应用K4b2心肺功能测定仪对受试者在静息、慢走(3km/h)、快走(6km/h)、慢跑(8km/h)、骑自行车(12km/h)状态下的能量消耗进行测定。各项体力活动的能量消耗及代谢当量由大到小排列,依次为慢跑((6.26±1.22)kcal.kg-1.h-1,6.0MET)、骑自行车((4.30±0.67)kcal.kg-1.h-1,4.2MET)、快走((3.75±0.73)kcal.kg-1.h-1,3.6MET)、慢走((1.24±0.26)kcal.kg-1.h-1,1.2MET)、静息((1.08±0.24)kcal.kg-1.h-1,1.0MET),按照体力活动强度分级,属于中低强度体力活动。慢走、快走、慢跑、骑自行车等日常体力活动适于在中国人群中推广。     

负荷方案对普通大学生最大摄氧量有效测定的影响

以自主研发的功率自行车为运动平台,通过探讨适宜的直接测试方案,试图获得一定条件下精确、有效的最大摄氧量VO2 max。对大学生24人(男性)进行最大摄氧量值的测试,测试程序包括基本身体指标的筛选、静息指标的建立与评价、两种运动方案的设计。方案一以50 W起,50 W/3 min进行递增直至力竭;方案二以50 W起,依据心率变化来增加负荷,力争9~12 min达到力竭。结果受试者5项基本身体指标的P值均大于0.05,没有显著的差异性,这里以身体脂肪率(BFR值)作为一级淘汰指标,身体质量指数(BMI值)作为二级参考指标。建立了24人的静态指标数据库,并选取静息代谢率(RMR)与静态心率(HR)作为评价指标。VO_(2max)主要测试指标及判断标准包括5项:最大心率(HR_(max))=190~210次/min、血乳酸浓度≥10.7 mmol/L、测试时间≥9~12 min、RPE(rating of perceived exertion)值、摄氧量平台。方案一中高达71%的人群有氧能力处于低级别,仅有2人的有氧能力被划分在高等级中,VO_(2max)=(36.78±8.70)mL/(kg·min),整体有氧能力属于正常偏低的情况。方案二中42%的人群有氧能力属于中等级别,低级和高级各占33%和25%,较方案一有提升的趋势,VO_(2max)=(43.31±10.64)mL/(kg·min),属于正常中等的情况。静息指标RMR和HR的数据评价良好,理论上保证后续VO_(2max)测试的精确性和有效性。方案一与方案二中获得的最大摄氧量满足了至少3项测试指标阈值,数据有效。从精确度上来说,方案二设计的测试更合理,获得的最大摄氧量更精确。     

腹部手术中两种麻醉方法对幼龄小型猪麻醉效果比较

目的比较两种不同复合麻醉方法对幼龄小型猪的麻醉效果。方法将l2头中国农大幼龄小型猪分成两组,每组6头。A组:戊巴比妥钠(15 mg/kg)与速眠新Ⅱ(0.1 mL/kg)联合应用,采用不同部位肌肉注射给药;B组:氯胺酮(10 mg/kg)与速眠新Ⅱ(0.1mL/kg)按比例混合后,采用肌肉注射给药。麻醉后对动物实施腹腔探查术,观察动物麻醉维持时间、镇痛效果、呼吸频率(BR)、心率(HR)、血压(BP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)及术后苏醒情况。结果两种方法麻醉后,动物分别在(10±2)min、(5±1)min进入麻醉状态(P0.05),麻醉维持时间分别为(46±14)min、(43±9)min(P0.05),术后苏醒时间分别为(54±11)min、(34±12)min(P0.05)。在麻醉维持时间内呼吸频率分别为(33±7)次/min、(36±9)次/min(P0.05),心率分别为(113±14)次/min、(92±11)次/min(P0.05),血压分别为(118±17)mmHg、(109±14)mmHg(P0.05),SpO2分别为(99±0.5)%、(95±1.5)%(P0.05)。结论两种麻醉方法均能达到良好的麻醉效果,比较而言,氯胺酮联合速眠新Ⅱ麻醉安全性高且术后苏醒快,是一种比较理想的麻醉方法。     

氯胺酮联用速眠新Ⅱ对食蟹猴麻醉效果观察

目的 观察联合应用氯胺酮和速眠新Ⅱ对食蟹猴的麻醉效果.方法 采用速眠新Ⅱ(0.1 mL/kg)肌内注射和氯胺酮(0.1 ml/kg)肌内注射联合麻醉方法对154例实施肾脏移植手术的食蟹猴进行麻醉,观察动物麻醉维持时间、镇痛效果、呼吸频率和心率变化及术后苏醒情况.结果 154例肾移植食蟹猴无一只在手术过程中因麻醉意外死亡;首次麻醉维持时间为(50～70)min,追加麻醉维持时间为(30～35)min,术后苏醒时间为(25～35)min.麻醉期间肌肉松弛效果好,动物呼吸和心率平稳,手术过程中呼吸频率(40～55)次/min,心率(60～74)次/min.结论 氯胺酮联用速眠新Ⅱ复合麻醉对食蟹猴是一种比较理想的麻醉方法,麻醉效果好,术后苏醒快且动物麻醉安全性高.     

2型糖尿病患者运动处方的个案研究

采用实验法通过12次测试获得受试者最大摄氧量,空腹及三餐后不同时间点血糖,不同强度、运动时间、起始时间运动后及次日晨的血糖,并对比不同运动方案的降糖效果.研究发现,该患者最大摄氧量绝对值为2.42 L/min,相对值为44.78 ml/kg/min,有氧能力较强;早、中、晚餐后血糖峰值出现时间均为餐后90min,且午餐后明显高于早、晚餐;餐后进行15min以内运动,中等强度血糖下降幅度大于低强度、较大强度;餐后进行30min运动,低强度降糖效果虽好于中等、较大强度,但运动停止后血糖反弹幅度较大,不适合该患者;餐后相同时间点（午餐后60min）进行中等强度运动30min效果好于15、45min,好于低强度30、60min;峰值前30min开始运动,运动前后血糖下降幅度大于峰值前15、45、60min.所以,该患者餐后（午餐后）60-75min开始,进行时间为15-30min、心率控制在143-147次/分中等强度跑台上的有氧运动为宜.     

阻力运动强度对运动后过量氧耗的影响

为探讨作功量相同、不同强度阻力运动后的过量氧耗,并依据不同强度阻力运动后的生理反应的数据分析造成运动后过量氧耗差异的成因,我们以16名男性大学生为试验研究对象,让试者分别接受高强度(3组、75%IRM的强度重复10次)和低强度(3组、50% IRM的强度重复15次)的阻力运动实验,在运动后恢复期分别测其心率、换气量、摄氧量、体温、能量消耗和呼吸交换率.以此来检验不同强度阻力运动后过量氧耗与各项生理反应之间的差异.试验研究结果表明,高强度阻力运动组运动后恢复期各阶段的摄氧量和能量消耗都显著的高于低强度阻力运动组(p<0.05),而体温、心率、呼吸交换率在恢复期各阶段并无显著差异(p>0.05).这说明在相同做功量下,高强度的阻力运动比低强度阻力运动要增加运动后过量氧耗,进而增加运动后恢复期的能量消耗.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.