瓦斯水合物在煤-表面活性剂溶液体系中的生成

利用自制水合物实验装置研究了温度为15.3～25.4℃、压力为0.41～24.72 MPa条件下4组煤-表面活性剂溶液体系中瓦斯水合物的生成过程,得到水合物生成的热力学参数,运用气体水合物生成速率理论对实验数据进行了计算.结果表明:表面活性剂的加入促进了水合物的生长,水合物的生成速度与表面活性剂的种类、浓度有关,不同种类的表面活性剂溶液虽然其浓度相同,但诱导时间和生成速度均有很大差异.对煤-气界面水合物不规则生长的现象进行了分析,认为表面活性剂的存在使煤体表面产生了促进水合物生成的吸附层.     

CO2水合物喷雾合成的生长特性实验研究

利用自行设计的可视化喷雾强化水合物制备实验系统,分析和比较了不同初始温度和初始压力条件下,喷雾合成CO2水合物的耗气量和反应釜内温度的变化,研究其生长特性.实验结果表明,初始压力越高,或者初始温度越低,那么诱导时间越短,单位时间内CO2耗气量越多,水合物生成速率越快.同时,通过对水合物生长过程的摄像在线观察,发现CO2水合物在接触界面紧贴反应釜壁面的两相接触处最先诱导成核并迅速扩展,生成水合物后,随着反应进行,吉布斯自由能差增大,水合物颗粒由圆滑状向数枝状变化.     

用原子力显微镜研究温度和接触界面对THF水合物形貌的影响

天然气水合物的表面形貌和性质一直是水合物研究领域的基础科学问题,它不仅制约人工环境下油气管线内水合物颗粒间聚集以及颗粒与管壁接触并阻塞管道的程度,而且还影响自然环境下水合物与沉积物骨架颗粒间接触关系以及相应的内聚力和摩擦角.本文首次运用原子力显微镜(AFM)对不同温度和不同界面合成的四氢呋喃(THF)水合物进行了表征,分析了温度和接触界面对其表面特征的影响.结果表明:在气-液界面自由生长的多晶THF水合物,生长温度越低,晶粒尺寸越小并更容易出现不定形水合物.晶粒界面的横截面呈"V"字形,其宽度和深度随生长温度降低而减小.在固-液界面受限生长的多晶THF水合物,其表面形貌和粗糙度除了受生长温度影响外还与接触的固体介质有关.当生长温度较高时晶粒尺寸较大,晶粒界面清晰可见;但生长温度较低时接触介质表面性质会影响二者分离后水合物表面形貌,如会出现微孔洞等结构且粗糙度变大,观察不到晶粒界面.这一发现对解释水合物沉积物残余强度特征与机制具有重要启示意义.     

微乳体系下甲烷水合物生成和储气性能研究

以正癸烷为分散剂模拟油相体系,一定比例的Span80+Tween80为乳化剂,在超高速搅拌下形成油包水乳液,在自制的高压反应釜中利用恒容降压法进行甲烷水合物生成实验,探究了搅拌速度、温度、乳化剂质量分数以及"记忆效应"对于甲烷水合物生长速率和储气性能的影响.结果表明:一定范围内搅拌速度越大,温度越低,乳化剂质量分数越大,水合物生长速率越大;在273.35 K、700 r/min、2%(质量分数)Span80条件下1体积水合物能储存120倍体积的甲烷,相比于纯水体系40倍体积的储气性能有了很大提高.此外,对乳液体系下甲烷水合物生成过程进行了分析.     

CO_2水合物生成的影响因素研究

在体积350 m L的恒容反应釜中研究了CO2水合物的生成过程,实验考察了搅拌速率、温度和压力等因素对CO2水合物生成过程的影响。实验结果表明,相对静止条件下机械搅拌可以通过促进传质传热,加速CO2水合物生成过程。随着搅拌速率的增大,CO2水合物的平均生长速率从0.283 mmol/min增大到1.132 mmol/min,且搅拌速率为800 rpm时实验条件下的水合物的诱导期最短;不同实验温度(273.65 K,274.15 K,275.15 K,276.15 K)下,CO2水合物生成过程中的溶解速率、诱导期及反应速率变化不大,即受温度影响不明显;CO2水合物的生长受压力影响明显,增压可显著缩短诱导期、加快反应速率。水合物生长过程主要受客体分子浓度的影响,是动力学控制过程。3 MPa时CO2水合物的平均生长速率高达1.1 mmol/min,是2 MPa时的5倍。     

二氧化碳气体水合物生成特性的实验研究

在小型高压水合物反应装置上研究了二氧化碳水合物的生成特性.实验结果表明,静态系统下,二氧化碳气体在纯水体系中的生成速率非常缓慢,只在气-液界面处有一薄层浆状水合物生成.通过添加适当的表面活性剂可以有效改善气-水体系的传质阻力,增加气-水接触面,显著提高水合物的生成速率.     

深水钻井液高效水合物抑制剂研究

通过分子结构优化,研制出海洋深水钻井新型水合物动力学抑制剂SDH。利用自行研制的天然气水合物抑制性能评价实验装置模拟超深水海底低温/高压环境,进行水合物抑制性评价实验。结合压力-温度曲线和温度、压力随时间的变化情况,分析SDH作用下水合物生成的动力学过程,探讨其作用机制。考察低剂量的SDH与热力学抑制剂NaCl的复配使用效果。研究表明:在SDH作用下,可将水合物生成过程划分为水合物成核、水合物缓慢生长和大量生成3个阶段; SDH可吸附在水合物表面,通过空间位阻作用有效抑制水合物的生长,其最优加量为1.0％;低剂量的SDH与热力学抑制剂NaCl的复配具有很好的协同作用,在模拟3km水深条件下(2℃,30MPa),1.0％SDH与10％NaCl复配使用可保证钻井液搅拌12h无水合物生成,满足超深水钻井需要,同时可降低成本。     

铁丝对HCFC-141b气体水合物生成过程的显著影响

在试管内对HCFC-141b(CH3CCl2F,R141b)气体水合物的静态生成过程进行了可视化观察实验,发现穿过阴离子表面活性剂水溶液和制冷剂液体两相界面、且与试管侧壁面相接触的铁丝改变了制冷剂气体水合物的静态生长区域,大大缩短了制冷剂气体水合物静态生成的引导时间,加速了水合反应的完成.大量的重复实验表明:把盛有26 17g、质量分数为0 038%的十二烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液和10 00g的R141b的试管(直径为20mm,长为200mm)放入1℃的恒温槽中,穿过两相界面与试管侧壁面相接触的铁丝可以诱导R141b气体水合物在10min以内在铁丝与侧壁面接触处首先生成水合物,水合反应在100min完成.在铁丝的影响下,整个水合反应都在R141b液体内进行.近期实验中发现,铝丝、铜丝、不锈钢丝等对R141b气体水合物生成过程的影响与铁丝对R141b气体水合物生成过程的影响基本相同.     

喷雾式天然气水合物储气系统的实验研究

利用自行设计的喷雾式天然气水合物储气实验系统,研究了喷雾强化措施下的水合物制备所形成水合物的形态特征,考察在不同初始压力和初始温度条件下水合物形成过程的压力变化特性及其对水合物生成速率和生成量的影响,并且分析和比较了间歇进气与连续进气两种不同进气方式下水合物的生成特性.实验结果表明,初始压力越高、初始温度越低,反应生成水合物的速率越快,生成的量越多;在进气方式比较方面,连续式进气生成水合物的速率比间歇式进气要快,能耗要低,因而连续式进气比间歇式进气具有更好的速率和效率.     

钻井液中天然气水合物生成影响因素研究

深水钻井中,极易在钻井液中生成天然气水合物,给深水钻井带来极大的危害。利用研发的钻井液中天然气水合物形成抑制试验装置,系统的研究了钻井液中天然气水合物生成过程及其影响因素。研究表明天然气水合物最先于气液界面处生成;随着搅拌速率的增大,天然气水合物生成速度加快;在钻井液处理剂中,Na Cl可有效延缓天然气水合物生成时间,聚合醇、聚胺次之,膨润土、PAC-LV、XC、SPNH等无明显抑制效果;天然气组分也对天然气水合物生成产生重要的影响,对于烷烃来说,分子量越大,越易于生成天然气水合物。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.