营养物失衡是维持癌细胞恶性生长的因素之一--DMEM培养基使黑色素瘤B16细胞的恶性生长抑制

对小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞在DMEM和RPMI1640两种培养基中培养产生的活细胞数和黑色素量进行了检测.结果显示,该癌细胞在DMEM培养基中培养产生的活细胞数比在RPMI1640培养基中培养产生的活细胞数平均减少87.9%,而黑色素量平均增加795%.以"黑色素量/活细胞数"计算分化指数,再以"DMEM中的分化指数/1640中的分化指数"计算DMEM相对于1640的对B16细胞的分化指数,显示DMEM中的分化指数平均是1640中的分化指数的67.8倍.提出营养物失衡是维持癌细胞恶性生长的因素之一.     

黑色素瘤治疗方法的研究

为帮助广大临床工作者对黑色素瘤治疗方法的学习,并对治疗方法存在的问题进行讨论.介绍了导致黑色素瘤发病的主要因素和临床上的常规治疗手段,并对局部切除、化疗、基因治疗和疫苗等治疗方法作重点介绍.局部切除是临床的常规治疗手段,但是预后极差,是基本的治疗手段;黑色素瘤对化疗不敏感,且化疗的有效率极低,但联合治疗方案具有一定的意义;基因治疗在临床取得应用,但无定向性,且基因转移的效率难控制;黑色素瘤疫苗是一种控制方法而不是治疗方法,在治疗黑色素瘤方面具有局限性.治疗黑色素瘤的手段较多,但是每种治疗方法都存在优势和弊端.在治疗时,根据患者的实际情况选择治疗手段尤其重要.     

黑色素瘤模型的建立与评价

为了快速有效地进行在体药物筛选,研究了以小鼠黑色素实体瘤组织中的原代细胞构建黑色素瘤模型的方法。从荷黑色素瘤小鼠的组织中提取原代肿瘤细胞,与体外培养的B16细胞通过皮下注射分别植入两组C57BL/6小鼠体内,考察两组小鼠肿瘤显现时间和生长速度。结果表明：当接种浓度为5.0×10⁶个/ mL、每只0.2 mL时,小鼠黑色素瘤原代细胞和体外培养的B16细胞成瘤率分别为100%和80%,且小鼠右前肢肿瘤(大小约4 mm³）出现时间分别约在第3天和第8天。紫杉醇对两种模型的初步评价显示,与体外培养的B16细胞模型相比,原代B16细胞模型是体内筛选和评价特定化合物抗肿瘤活性的一种可行而有效的方法,成瘤时间较短、成瘤率高,所得实验数据误差也较小。模型的建立为相关药物评价模型的开发研究提供了一条可借鉴的新途径。     

Regulation of cancer cell migration and bone metastasis by RANKL

Bone metastases are a frequent complication of many cancers that result in severe disease burden and pain. Since the late nineteenth century, it has been thought that the microenvironment of the local host tissue actively participates in the propensity of certain cancers to metastasize to specific organs, and that bone provides an especially fertile 'soil'. In the case of breast cancers, the local chemokine milieu is now emerging as an explanation for why these tumours preferentially metastasize to certain organs. However, as the inhibition of chemokine receptors in vivo only partially blocks metastatic behaviour, other factors must exist that regulate the preferential metastasis of breast cancer cells. Here we show that the cytokine RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand) triggers migration of human epithelial cancer cells and melanoma cells that express the receptor RANK. RANK is expressed on cancer cell lines and breast cancer cells in patients. In a mouse model of melanoma metastasis, in vivo neutralization of RANKL by osteoprotegerin results in complete protection from paralysis and a marked reduction in tumour burden in bones but not in other organs. Our data show that local differentiation factors such as RANKL have an important role in cell migration and the tissue-specific metastatic behaviour of cancer cells.     

Evidence against Ha-ras-1 involvement in sporadic and familial melanoma

It was recently reported that different rare alleles at the Ha-ras-1 locus occurred at a significantly higher combined frequency in cancer patients than in an unaffected population. In particular, melanoma patients were reported to have a significantly higher frequency of such alleles. We have examined the frequency of rare Ha-ras-1 alleles in a large number of cases of sporadic melanoma. Our results indicate that the distribution of rare alleles in this population does not differ from that found in normal populations. Also, to test the hypothesis that a hereditary predisposition to melanoma could be inherited via an allele at the Ha-ras-1 locus, we examined the transmission of the segment of the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p) carrying the Ha-ras-1 locus in a number of families previously shown to exhibit a hereditary predisposition to melanoma and its precursor lesion, the dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS). Our genetic linkage results thus obtained strongly exclude the association of a predisposition to melanoma or the precursor lesion with the inheritance of the Ha-ras-1 locus or the segment of chromosome 11 on which it is located. These results imply that hereditary predisposition to melanoma is associated with genes other than the Ha-ras-1 locus, contradicting the original suggestion of Krontiris et al., made on the basis of either an inadequate sample size or other misleading experimental factors.     

Loss of p16Ink4a confers susceptibility to metastatic melanoma in mice.

CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) is frequently disrupted in various types of human cancer, and germline mutations of this locus can confer susceptibility to melanoma and other tumours. However, because CDKN2A encodes two distinct cell cycle inhibitory proteins, p16INK4a and p14ARF (p19Arf in mice), the mechanism of tumour suppression by CDKN2A has remained controversial. Genetic disruption of Cdkn2a(p19Arf) (hereafter Arf) alone predisposes mice to tumorigenesis, demonstrating that Arf is a tumour-suppressor gene in mice. We mutated mice specifically in Cdkn2a(p16Ink4a) (hereafter Ink4a). Here we demonstrate that these mice, designated Ink4a*/*, do not show a significant predisposition to spontaneous tumour formation within 17 months. Embryo fibroblasts derived from them proliferate normally, are mortal, and are not transformed by oncogenic HRAS. The very mild phenotype of the Ink4a*/* mice implies that the very strong phenotypes of the original Ink4a/ArfDelta2,3 mice were primarily or solely due to loss of Arf. However, Ink4a*/Delta2,3 mice that are deficient for Ink4a and heterozygous for Arf spontaneously develop a wide spectrum of tumours, including melanoma. Treatment of these mice with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) results in an increased incidence of melanoma, with frequent metastases. Our results show that, in the mouse, Ink4a is a tumour-suppressor gene that, when lost, can recapitulate the tumour predisposition seen in humans.     

白细胞介素24在抗肿瘤方面的应用

人类黑色素瘤分化相关基因-7/白介素-24(MDA-7/IL-24)是近年发现的具有细胞因子特性的抗肿瘤作用的基因,它能够通过膜受体或非受体介导的凋亡途径对多种肿瘤细胞产生杀伤作用,而对正常细胞没有影响.此外,IL-24还具有抑制肿瘤新生血管形成、增强放疗敏感性和免疫调节作用.作为一种具有多种抗肿瘤功能的细胞因子IL-...     

L-半胱氨酸作为化妆品美白添加剂的作用机理

酪氨酸酶(EC 1.14.18.1)是黑色素形成的关键酶,其抑制剂的研究是当前美白添加剂研究的热点.研究了L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)对蘑菇酪氨酸酶和小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞粗提的酪氨酸酶的抑制效应,实验结果表明,L-Cys对2种来源的酪氨酸酶有较强的抑制作用,其半效抑制浓度分别为1.75,15 μmol/L.对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞粗提的酪氨酸酶的抑制主要表现为显著延长酶促反应的迟滞时间,同时显著降低酶的活力.进一步对L-Cys在细胞毒性方面进行了研究,结果表明,在200 μmol/L浓度下,L-Cys对小鼠黑素瘤细胞B16的生长未显示出明显影响,对细胞状态、代谢MTT的能力、细胞增殖率等均无影响,无明显细胞毒性,是一种有潜力的增白剂,为L-Cys作为美白添加剂提供了依据.     

Neonatal sunburn and melanoma in mice

Retrospective epidemiological data have indicated that cutaneous malignant melanoma may arise as a consequence of intense, intermittent exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation, particularly in children, rather than from the cumulative lifetime exposure that is associated with other forms of skin cancer. Here we use a genetically engineered mouse model to show that a single dose of burning ultraviolet radiation to neonates, but not adults, is necessary and sufficient to induce tumours with high penetrance which are reminiscent of human melanoma. Our results provide experimental support for epidemiological evidence that childhood sunburn poses a significant risk of developing this potentially fatal disease.     

Multiple Suppressive Effects of a Protein from Caesalpinia minax on Murine Melanoma Cells

IntroductionIn recent years,a great deal of attention hasfocused on finding potential anti- tumor agentsfrom natural sources[14 ] .A vast number ofpromising candidate molecules,especiallycomponents extracted from plants,have beenevaluated[59] .　 Herbs have a long history of use as Chinesetraditional medicine.Caesalpinia minax (C.minax) is a wild plantin Yunnan Province,China.The high level of ultraviolet radiation in thistropical province causes widespread skin diseases inthis area.Extract…     

Identification of cells initiating human melanomas

Tumour-initiating cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation, which are responsible for tumour growth, have been identified in human haematological malignancies and solid cancers. If such minority populations are associated with tumour progression in human patients, specific targeting of tumour-initiating cells could be a strategy to eradicate cancers currently resistant to systemic therapy. Here we identify a subpopulation enriched for human malignant-melanoma-initiating cells (MMIC) defined by expression of the chemoresistance mediator ABCB5 (refs 7, 8) and show that specific targeting of this tumorigenic minority population inhibits tumour growth. ABCB5+ tumour cells detected in human melanoma patients show a primitive molecular phenotype and correlate with clinical melanoma progression. In serial human-to-mouse xenotransplantation experiments, ABCB5+ melanoma cells possess greater tumorigenic capacity than ABCB5- bulk populations and re-establish clinical tumour heterogeneity. In vivo genetic lineage tracking demonstrates a specific capacity of ABCB5+ subpopulations for self-renewal and differentiation, because ABCB5+ cancer cells generate both ABCB5+ and ABCB5- progeny, whereas ABCB5- tumour populations give rise, at lower rates, exclusively to ABCB5- cells. In an initial proof-of-principle analysis, designed to test the hypothesis that MMIC are also required for growth of established tumours, systemic administration of a monoclonal antibody directed at ABCB5, shown to be capable of inducing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in ABCB5+ MMIC, exerted tumour-inhibitory effects. Identification of tumour-initiating cells with enhanced abundance in more advanced disease but susceptibility to specific targeting through a defining chemoresistance determinant has important implications for cancer therapy.     

黑色素瘤治疗研究进展

 黑色素瘤是一种曾经让医生束手无策的恶性肿瘤,既往治疗手段有限,放疗、化疗及传统免疫治疗疗效不佳,患者预后极差。2011 年以来,小分子靶向药物（包括BRAF 抑制剂Vemurafenib、Dabrafenib,MEK 抑制剂Trametinib 等药物）相继面世,预示着黑色素瘤内科治疗进入一个新的研究阶段。而免疫靶向治疗（如抗CTLA-4 抗体,抗PD-1、PD-L1 抗体）在多项临床试验中的成功,更是缔造了肿瘤治疗的新理念。黑色素瘤治疗逐渐摆脱传统抗肿瘤治疗的模式,进入一个崭新的历史阶段,在可预见的将来,新治疗靶点的研发、多种小分子靶向药物、多种免疫靶向药物的联合治疗,以及小分子靶向药物和免疫靶向药物的联合治疗等模式将会是黑色素瘤治疗的主流。本文主要从小分子靶向药物治疗、免疫靶向治疗、化疗3 个方面综述黑色素瘤治疗的研究进展。     

Interferon-γ links ultraviolet radiation to melanomagenesis in mice

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive and frequently chemoresistant cancer, the incidence of which continues to rise. Epidemiological studies show that the major aetiological melanoma risk factor is ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation, with the highest risk associated with intermittent burning doses, especially during childhood. We have experimentally validated these epidemiological findings using the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor transgenic mouse model, which develops lesions in stages highly reminiscent of human melanoma with respect to biological, genetic and aetiological criteria, but only when irradiated as neonatal pups with UVB, not UVA. However, the mechanisms underlying UVB-initiated, neonatal-specific melanomagenesis remain largely unknown. Here we introduce a mouse model permitting fluorescence-aided melanocyte imaging and isolation following in vivo UV irradiation. We use expression profiling to show that activated neonatal skin melanocytes isolated following a melanomagenic UVB dose bear a distinct, persistent interferon response signature, including genes associated with immunoevasion. UVB-induced melanocyte activation, characterized by aberrant growth and migration, was abolished by antibody-mediated systemic blockade of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), but not type-I interferons. IFN-γ was produced by macrophages recruited to neonatal skin by UVB-induced ligands to the chemokine receptor Ccr2. Admixed recruited skin macrophages enhanced transplanted melanoma growth by inhibiting apoptosis; notably, IFN-γ blockade abolished macrophage-enhanced melanoma growth and survival. IFN-γ-producing macrophages were also identified in 70% of human melanomas examined. Our data reveal an unanticipated role for IFN-γ in promoting melanocytic cell survival/immunoevasion, identifying a novel candidate therapeutic target for a subset of melanoma patients.