福建省松枯死木检测鉴定方法与结果分析

采用常规检测法（贝尔曼漏斗法）研究了松枯死木中的线虫种类、相互存在关系和检出情况。初步将线虫分为4大类：松材线虫、拟松材线虫、伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫。其在枯死木中的存在关系有14种类型。（1）松材线虫;（2）松材线虫、拟松材线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;（3）松材线虫和伞滑刃属其它线虫;（4）松材线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;（5）松材线虫、伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;（6）松材线虫、拟松材线虫、伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;（7）拟松材线虫;（8）拟松材线虫和伞滑刃属其它线虫;（9）拟松材线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;（10）拟松材线虫、伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;（11）伞滑刃属其它线虫;（12）伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;（13）非伞滑刃属线虫;（14）无线虫。2008~2010年,松材线虫检出率分别为34.59%、28.21%和24.19%,呈逐年下降趋势;拟松材线虫检出率为14.04%、16.03%和0.8%。每年松材线虫检出率与季节的关系差异不明显,但常年基本上都有松材线虫,为枯死木的取样增加了难度。应用指示剂1号进行快速检测,结果表明,对于松材线虫病木,其准确率达100%。随着时间流失,松材线虫在枯死木中慢慢消失,影响常规检测和快速检测结果,所以尽量在松树枯死初期取样。     

福建省松枯死木检测鉴定方法与结果分析

采用常规检测法(贝尔曼漏斗法)研究了松枯死木中的线虫种类、相互存在关系和检出情况。初步将线虫分为4大类:松材线虫、拟松材线虫、伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫。其在枯死木中的存在关系有14种类型。(1)松材线虫;(2)松材线虫、拟松材线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;(3)松材线虫和伞滑刃属其它线虫;(4)松材线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;(5)松材线虫、伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;(6)松材线虫、拟松材线虫、伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;(7)拟松材线虫;(8)拟松材线虫和伞滑刃属其它线虫;(9)拟松材线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;(10)拟松材线虫、伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;(11)伞滑刃属其它线虫;(12)伞滑刃属其它线虫和非伞滑刃属线虫;(13)非伞滑刃属线虫;(14)无线虫。2008~2010年,松材线虫检出率分别为34.59%、28.21%和24.19%,呈逐年下降趋势;拟松材线虫检出率为14.04%、16.03%和0.8%。每年松材线虫检出率与季节的关系差异不明显,但常年基本上都有松材线虫,为枯死木的取样增加了难度。应用指示剂1号进行快速检测,结果表明,对于松材线虫病木,其准确率达100%。随着时间流失,松材线虫在枯死木中慢慢消失,影响常规检测和快速检测结果,所以尽量在松树枯死初期取样。     

松材线虫实时PCR检测技术

根据松材线虫核糖体DNA内部转录区设计了一对特异引物F11/R11与探针TaqMan-11,构成松材线虫实时PCR检测方法.采用该检测方法对分离自枯死松树体内的松材线虫、拟松材线虫、大核滑刃线虫、霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫和长尾属线虫进行检测.结果显示,所有松材线虫株系都能够检测到荧光信号,而拟松材线虫、大核滑刃线虫、霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫、长尾属线虫以及对照均没有检测到荧光信号.表明探针TaqMan-11与引物组合对松材线虫具有很强的特异性.此外,利用检测方法,在10μL的反应体系中,最少可以检测到0.005 Pg的松材线虫DNA含量.实时PCR也可以成功地检测出单条松材线虫.     

韩国伞滑刃属线虫的形态和分子特征

以锥尾伞滑刃线虫（Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus）作为对照,在韩国不同地域和寄主中采集了15个松材线虫分离物、3 个拟松材线虫的分离物及5个未鉴定的该属的分离物,并对其进行了ITS 和 D2D3 rDNA序列分析。以单条雌线虫的DNA为模板,ITS 和 D2D3 区由PCR仪扩增并克隆其序列。结果表明,所有松材线虫的ITS 和 D2D3 区序列相同,没有种内变异。然而2个采自黑松和红松的拟松材线虫分离物的基因型分别是亚洲型和欧洲型。5个未鉴定线虫的数据表明,它们分别接近B. tusciae、B. lini、B. thailandae、B. doui和 B. hylobianum,该结果同时被形态学结果所支持。利用5种酶（Hinf I、Alu I、Msp I、Hae III、Rsa）,PCR产物克隆并测序的数据也可以区分不同种和基因型。     

松树寄生线虫的收集与保存

枯死松树体内寄生线虫种类较多,笔者共收集了线虫资源212个株系.按线虫种类分,包括松材线虫171个株系,拟松材线虫22个株系、霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫5个株系、薄荷滑刃线虫1个株系、大核滑刃线虫8个株系、长尾属线虫3个株系以及外滑刃科线虫2个株系,松材线虫收集率为80.7%.按线虫来源分,包括中国线虫198个株系、日本线虫10个株系、美国线虫2个株系、加拿大和韩国线虫各1个株系,中国线虫收集率为93.4%.将212个线虫株系用灰葡萄孢菌培养保存,其中173个株系松材线虫、5个株系拟松材线虫及其他线虫5个株系还采用了DNA-20℃和-80℃保存.这是我国首次大规模保存松树线虫资源.     

马尾松包装木的树皮象伞真滑刃线虫新记录

2002年从厦门口岸出口的71批货物木包装的83份样品中,多次检出多种伞真滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchusspp.),有拟松材线虫(B.mucronatus)、奇异伞真滑刃线虫(B.aberrans),还从9份马尾松(Pinusmassoniana)木包装样品中检出另一种线虫,经形态学观察、测量,鉴定为树皮象伞真滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchushylobianum(Korenchenko,1980)Hunt,1997).其特征是雄虫交合刺大而强壮,末端有帽状突起,髁突明显突起,靠腹面喙突钝圆,雌虫阴门处有小的阴门盖,尾部末端钝圆,明显向腹面弯曲.室内培养表明该线虫很容易在灰葡萄孢(Botrytiscinerea)培养物上继代繁殖.该线虫为中国的新记录种,马尾松为该线虫的寄主新记录.     

越南枯死松树症状特征和体内寄生线虫种类调查

为确定造成越南松林的枯死是否为松材线虫所为,对越南南部的林同省、中部的承天-顺化省、北部的广宁省的思茅松(Pinus kesiya Royle)、马尾松(P. massoniana Lamb.)和南亚松(P. merkusii jungh et de Vries)松树枯死现象及症状特点进行了调查,分别从52株枯死、濒死、健康松树木质部中抽取木质部样品,进行线虫分离,根据形态学特点确定这些松树体内寄生线虫的种类。调查发现松树在枯死过程中,树冠部分针叶失去光泽,逐渐褪绿变黄,进而褐红干枯,最后整个树冠变为褐色或红褐色,全株枯死,针叶下垂且当年不落; 随着病程的发展,松脂分泌逐渐减少,直至停止; 树干上有天牛产卵刻槽,死亡的松树上有天牛的羽化孔。在抽取的松树样品中分离鉴定到了泰国伞滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchus thailandae)、悬臂伞滑刃线虫(B. gerberae)、中华伞滑刃线虫(B. sinensis)、树木伞滑刃线虫(B. silvestris)、托斯卡纳伞滑刃线虫(B. tusciae)、莱奴尔夫伞滑刃线虫(B. rainulfi)、云杉小蠹伞滑刃线虫(B. rufipennis)和伞滑刃属线虫未定种(B. sp.),调查中未发现重要检疫性病原松材线虫(B. xylophilus)。     

福建省松树线虫的研究I.松干伞真滑刃线虫的种类

自2001年7月至2002年12月在福建省各地共采集松树木质部样品256份，分离发现88份（34％）样品中含有伞真滑刃属Bursa phelenchus的线虫8种，本文先报道其中的4种：拟松材线虫Bursnphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya ＆ Enda,1979、赫列尼克斯伞真滑刃线虫B.hellenicus Skarmoutsos G.et al.，1998、霍夫曼尼伞真滑刃线虫B.hofmanni Braasch,H.1998、奇异伞真滑刃线虫B.aberrans Fang,et al.,2002．     

“松材线虫SCAR标记与系列分子检测技术及试剂盒研制”项目通过鉴定

2006年5月，我校森林资源与环境学院叶建仁教授主持完成的“松材线虫SCAR标记与系列分子检测技术及试剂盒研制”通过了江苏省科技厅组织的科技成果鉴定。该项研究对松材线虫与拟松材线虫特异片段进行了系统筛选，共获得了7个松材线虫DNA特异片段与5个拟松材线虫DNA特异片段，为松材线虫与拟松材线虫的分子鉴定奠定了基础。首次将2个松材线虫与2个拟松材线虫的DNA特异片段成功转化为SCAR标记，丰富了松材线虫与拟松材线虫分子标记方法。首次采用SCAR标记方法成功构建了松材线虫检测试剂盒，PCR检测过程仅需2．2h。首次成功标记了一个可用于检测松材线虫的非放射性探针DlG—F2／R1。用该探针对线虫基因组DNA点杂交，松材线虫均表现有较强的杂交信号，而拟松材线虫、霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫、大核滑刃线虫、长尾属线虫等均无杂交信号。成功设计、合成了TaqMan探针与其配套的引物对F11／R11。     

细菌JK JS3对松树线虫的杀线活性及菌种的分子鉴定

分离自马尾松的细菌JK JS3是对松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)具有较高杀线活性的拮抗细菌,为了解该菌株对松树体内其他植物线虫的杀线活性并验证经形态学和Biolog方法得到的菌种鉴定结果,笔者测定了该细菌培养滤液对大核滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides macronucleatus)等7种松树体内植物线虫的杀线活性,并对该菌株的16SrDNA基因进行了扩增测序和比对分析。结果表明：该菌株培养液原滤液对测试线虫24h的杀线率均达到了100%,说明该细菌的杀线谱较广,但培养滤液的不同倍数稀释液对不同种线虫的杀线活性有显著差异,10倍稀释液对霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫(B.hofmanni)的杀线活性最高,杀死率为96.9%;其次对李氏长尾线虫(Seinura lii),杀死率为73.7%;再次对松材线虫和拟松材线虫(B.mucronatus),杀死率分别为48.7%和39.0%。而对大核滑刃线虫、吴氏长尾线虫(S.wuae)和外滑刃科线虫(Ektaphelenchidae sp.)的杀死率较低,分别为15%、1.5%和0;该菌株的16SrDNA基因序列BLAST比对结果表明,该菌株与菌株Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42最为接近,相似性为99.86%,处于系统发育树的同一分支,进一步验证了其形态学和Biolog细菌鉴定仪的鉴定结果,确定该菌株的分类地位为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.