二次酸水解法从黄姜中提取薯蓣皂甙元的工艺

薯蓣皂甙元是合成甾体激素药物和甾体避孕药物的重要原料，是黄姜中的主要活性物质。采用正交实验的方法，探讨了经过二次酸水解法从黄姜中提取薯蓣皂甙元的工艺条件，结果表明该方法提取的薯蓣皂甙元产率达到了2．41％，比直接水解法（2．20％）提高了9．55％。另外，采用熔点、元素分析法、红外、核磁等一系列的手段对产品进行表征，结果表明该法是可行的，提取的薯蓣皂甙元的质量纯度达到了工业的要求。     

微波辅助提取掌叶覆盆子黄酮工艺研究

掌叶覆盆子（RubuschingiiHu）为蔷薇科悬钩子属植物,其近成熟的果实入药称为覆盆子,味甘、酸、性温,归肾、膀胱经,具有益肾固精,养肝明目的功效。本研究利用微波辅助提取,采用单因素和正交分析,获得提取覆盆子中总黄酮的最佳生产工艺及参数：提取溶剂为乙醇浓度为50％,微波功率中高火,料液比为1：6,时间30秒,得率为2．54％的优化提取工艺。     

大豆异黄酮甙元提取工艺的研究

采用先酸水解、后碱水解的方法从大豆中提取游离型大豆异黄酮甙元成分，并通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了碱水解的最佳提取工艺条件．结果表明，碱水解的最佳条件是：pH8．75、温度50℃、提取时间90min，此条件下大豆异黄酮甙元的提取率为44．3％，粗提品纯度为19．9％．     

利用里氏木霉生物转化制备黄姜薯蓣皂甙元的清洁新工艺

基于清洁生产和资源综合利用的理念, 提出一种从盾叶薯蓣根茎中提取薯蓣皂甙元的新工艺。该工艺由两部分组成, 第一部分利用淀粉酶和糖化酶分离黄姜根茎中的淀粉, 第二部分利用里氏木霉转化糖渣 中的皂苷制备薯蓣皂甙元。研究表明, 与直接酸水解相比, 新工艺可以提取约 98.7%薯蓣皂甙元, 并以还原糖 的形式回收98. 0% 淀粉, 降低生产废水中 99. 4%COD, 100% SO^2-₄ 和100% 酸。在酸水解废水中检测到24 种有机物, 其中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己酯属于美国环保局优先控制污染物。而新工艺废水中仅检测到两种有机物(17β-羟基雄甾-5-烯-3-酮和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯) 。本研究为皂素清洁生产提供了一种新方法。     

苦瓜皂甙的提取过程研究

研究了苦瓜皂甙的提取工艺和测定方法．以苦瓜皂甙中主要成分Mordicoside A为对照，采用分光光度法对苦瓜中皂甙成分进行定量分析；以提取温度、浸泡时间、乙醇的质量分数和料液比为考察因素，采用单因素试验及正交试验对苦瓜中皂甙进行了提取务件优化的试验．试验结果表明：浸提温度60℃，浸提时间6h，乙醇质量分数为70％及料液比1：5为最佳提取条件．苦瓜皂甙粗品的提取率为苦瓜干粉的0．052％，其中皂甙的质量分数为43．333％．     

超声波强化大黄中蒽醌的双相水解工艺研究

以游离蒽醌得率为指标，探讨了超声波强化大黄中蒽醌双相水解工艺的主要因素。在此基础上，用正交实验优化了用超声波法强化大黄中蒽醌双相水解的工艺条件。实验结果表明，影响游离蒽醌得率的主次因素为：提取温度〉超声功率〉硫酸体积分数〉提取时间。最佳工艺条件为：硫酸体积分数为15％，超声波提取时间为60min．超声功率为150W，超声波提取温度为40℃。     

从柑桔皮中连续提取色素、果胶的工艺研究

实验研究了以柑桔皮为原料,用乙醇浸提色素,酸水解乙醇沉淀法提取果胶方法。最佳条件：pH1．5,温度80℃,时间2h。果胶得率13．88％。     

响应面法优化微波辅助提取葵花籽粕中绿原酸

在单因素实验的基础上,运用DesignExpert7．0．0数据统计分析软件,采用二次正交旋转组合设计分析方法,建立以乙醇溶液为提取溶剂,微波辅助提取葵花籽粕中绿原酸的二次回归模型．以绿原酸得率为响应值作响应面,得到最优工艺条件为：液料比（mL：g）31,乙醇体积分数70％,微波功率495W,微波时间30S,提取温度60℃．在此条件下,绿原酸的得率为14．47mg／g．     

正交设计优选蒙药达如奇颗粒的提取工艺研究

目的：优选蒙药达如奇颗粒的醇提工艺．方法：采用L9（3^4）正交表设计试验,高效液相色谱法测定方中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱得率并进行方差分析．结果：溶剂加量对苦参总碱得率影响显著,而乙醇浓度和回流次数无显著性影响,最佳工艺条件为A2B3C2．结论：蒙药达如奇颗粒的最佳醇提工艺为方中药材粗分加10倍量70％乙醇回流提取2次,每次提取30min．     

环氧乙酰蓖麻油酸甲酯的工艺研究

采用一步法、无溶剂生产工艺代替二步法、有溶剂生产工艺生产环氧乙酰蓖麻油酸甲酯（EMAR）的工艺研究结果显示：反应温度降低20℃；环氧值由3．0％提高到5．0％，更重要的是其产品成本下降30％以上．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.