"信"在严复"译事三难"中的真实地位--及其"非常规"反映的深刻原因

历来对严复提出的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准的讨论和批评不断。尤其对于“信”这一标准的非议更是颇多,这似乎是由于严复译作本身所产生的误导。本文拟从历史的角度,以严复本人的著说为根本,客观地去探寻“信”的真实地位,并摆脱传统翻译批评的束缚,合理地解释其深层次的原因。     

解铃还须系铃人 奈达解码奈达翻译标准

首次发表奈达与张经浩破解Dynamic Equivalence的信函。奈达的Dynamic Equivalence翻译标准是中国翻译理论经典，教科书中的金科玉律。研究发现理论经典和金科玉律-Dynamic Equivalence被译成“动态对等”是一大错误。“动态对等”四个字严重曲解了奈达的Dynamic Equivalence翻译标准。作为翻译标准的“动态对等”谁也不理解；译文与原文能“对等”？“动态”是什么东西？“动态对等”又是什么意思？张经浩在笔者的请求下给奈达写信求教Dynamic Equivalence的含义，奈达回信完全同意笔者和张经浩的理解：Dynamic不是static（静态）的反义词（动态），Equivalence是贴近，不是对等；Dynamic Equivalence不能翻译成“动态对等”。奈达的信详细破解了Dynamic Equivalence的含义。对被严重误读曲解的奈达Dynamic Equivalence翻译标准的译文进行了评析。笔者抛砖引玉，提供Dynamic Equivalence试译译文。     

科技英语摘要翻译应注意的问题

结合若干科技英语翻译实例,论证其“不信,不达,不雅“的现象.翻译标准是衡量译文好坏的尺度和准绳,严复“信,达,雅“的翻译标准给我们很大的启示,它一直是翻译界的指导思想,是我们的理想和努力方向,“信“的原则是建立在以原文为核心的基础上的,是要语言表达连贯,译文忠实于原文,并没有把“信“和“达“分离开,按照“信“,“达““雅“的原则,只要不背离原文的基本信息,能使读者读懂理解,达到传达信息的目的,那就是合格的译文.     

从奥巴马就职演讲看实务翻译的“信、达、切”

刘重德先生在参考中外两位翻译大家严复和奈达对于翻译的原则或标准后提出＂信、达、切＂。实务翻译,或者我们称其为非文学翻译,是如何实现＂信、达、切＂的呢？本文尝试从奥巴马总统的就职演讲的翻译,来分析翻译的＂信、达、切＂标准是如何体现的。     

“信、达、雅”说的争论性发展和现代诠释

严复先生的“信、达、雅”引起了国内外百多位学者的争论,在一百多年的争论过程中,“信、达、雅”的内容和涵义也在不断的丰富和发展,很多学者也在讨论过程中提出了自己的理论。为此,我们要在继承的基础上前进和发展,以构建适应我国现实且有鲜明特色的现代翻译理论体系。     

浅谈翻译中的“忠实”

翻译在我国已有2000年的历史。古往今来,不少名家曾阐述过翻译的标准。唐朝玄奘曾提出翻译即“须求实,又须喻俗”,意即“忠实、通顺”。清代严复在《译例言》中提出了“信、达、雅”的标准。鲁迅先生也提出:“凡译须兼顾两面。一则力求其易解,一则保存其原作的风姿”。综上所述,翻译须做到“忠实、通顺”。而忠实则是译作的基础。 所谓忠实,首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内容完整而准确地表达出来,不得有纂改、遗漏和任意增删等现象。清林纾(琴南)与合作者以口述笔记的方式译过160多部作品,其数目之多,内容之广,为当时了解西方文化做出了很大的贡献。但他本人不懂外文,译作中删减或遗漏之处很多,因此林纾“不能算个翻译家”(杨岂深语),只能算是一种再创作罢了。     

严复翻译思想综述

严复的"信、达、雅"翻译标准,自提出的一个多世纪以来,在翻译界产生了深远的影响。"信、达、雅"本是三位一体的有机体,是中国传统翻译思想的纲领,但"雅"字引起较多争议,褒之贬之,见仁见智。本文是对其翻译思想的综述,从三个方面分析严复并未严格遵守"信达雅"的原因,并指出他的翻译思想还包括变体翻译思想。     

论严复翻译思想的特点及其弊端

严复在他的巨著《天演论》中提出了“信、达、雅”的翻译标准,对翻译界产生了巨大的影响,并得到很大程度的认可。但是在多年的翻译实践中,一些专家发现这一翻译标准存在一定的弊端。本文旨在分析严复这一翻译思想的特点和其弊端之所在。     

翻译标准的生命力——对严复“信”、“达”、“雅”的再认识

对严复的"信,达,雅"进行了深入、细致的分析,对其从美学的标准进行重新审视,指出其理论价值以及对于翻译实践具有的重要指导作用.同时,也想表明"信,达,雅"作为翻译标准,影响之大、之深,虽经历了一个多世纪的检验,仍具有强大的生命力.     

“信”乃翻译之本

自上个世纪末严复提出“信、达、雅”以来，围绕翻译标准的讨论已经持续了近百年。这期间不断有学者发表自己对翻译标准的见解。有的提出“忠实、通顺、优美”，有的倡导“正确、通顺、易懂”，有的赞成“正确、易懂、得体”，有的同意“准确、简明、通顺”。凡此种种标准，与“信、达、雅”相比较都是大同小异，而且大都有三条标准。既然是标准，自然应当对译者的翻译工作起到指导与约束作用。然而，标准条目多了，而且相互之间没有必然的联系（如“达”的译文不一定就“信”和“雅”），译者往往顾及一点不及其余。在多种标难中我们可以看…     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-