以十八胺为原料的季铵盐型沥青乳化剂的合成与性能

以十八胺、丙烯酸和氯乙酸为反应原料,制备了一种新型季铵盐沥青乳化剂,即:十八烷基-双(2-羧乙基)-羧甲基氯化铵.得到了十八烷基二丙酸基叔胺(第一步产物)的最佳反应条件为:反应温度70℃,反应时间5 h,丙烯酸与十八胺的摩尔比2. 20,反应产率为52. 39%.利用红外光谱FTIR、氢核磁共振1H NMR和元素分析对产物的化学结构进行了鉴定.利用在线红外光谱(online FTIR)对十八烷基二丙酸基叔胺的合成过程进行分析,提出了相应的反应机理.采用电导法测得沥青乳化剂的临界胶束浓度CMC为2×10~(-3)mol/L.对该乳化剂进行了乳化性能测试,该乳化剂与NP-10按一定比例复配,对AH-90重交沥青具有很好的乳化能力,其乳化沥青具有很好的贮存稳定性,该乳化剂是一种快裂型沥青乳化剂.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚型阳离子沥青乳化剂的合成及在线红外光谱研究

以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-10)、三乙胺和环氧氯丙烷为原料,反应合成出新型N-(3-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(10)-2-羟基)丙基-N,N,N-三乙基氯化铵阳离子沥青乳化剂.确定最佳反应条件为:反应时间8 h,反应温度70℃,Na OH与NP-10的摩尔比1.0,环氧氯丙烷与NP-10的摩尔比1.2,三乙胺与NP-10的摩尔比1.2.在最佳工艺条件下产物收率可达48.72%.采用红外光谱(FTIR)对产物结构进行了鉴定.采用在线红外光谱(online FTIR)手段对反应进程进行跟踪,检测出生成了中间体.基于相关实验数据,合理地提出了反应机理.产物的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为1.19×10-3mol/L,该数值较小,在CMC下的表面张力为40.13 m N/m.该乳化剂对沥青的乳化能力良好,得到的乳化沥青有良好的储存稳定性,归属于慢裂型产品.     

聚合物水泥防水涂料的制备及其性能的研究

以单体丙烯酸丁酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯以及功能性单体丙烯酸、丙烯酸羟乙酯为原料,以非离子乳化剂和阴离子乳化剂的复合乳化剂为乳化体系,通过控制聚合物乳液玻璃化温度合成丙烯酸乳液,与水泥复配制备出性能优良的聚合物水泥防水涂料.并研究了液粉比对聚合物水泥防水涂料的拉伸性能和低温柔性等的影响.     

AM/AA/AMPS/DMAM的反相微乳液共聚合研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)和丙烯酸(AA)为主单体,以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAM)作为功能性单体,以庚烷为分散介质,表面活性剂SF2810为乳化剂,采用反相微乳液聚合的方法合成了四元共聚物AM/AA/AMPS/DMAM.研究所得的最佳合成工艺条件为:水相中单体浓度为45%,引发剂过硫酸铵加量为单体质量的0.3%,乳化剂加量为油相质量的10%,反应温度为40℃,反应时间为5 h,单体的摩尔比为AM:AA:AMPS:DMAM=52:25:15:8.红外光谱分析证实了四元共聚物的结构.     

乳化剂对SAE表面施胶剂合成及应用的影响

乳化剂是乳液聚合体系的重要组成部分,并对聚合物乳液的应用性能具有一定的影响。以苯乙烯丙烯酸酯(SAE)表面施胶剂的合成为例,研究了乳化剂的用量对SAE合成及性能的影响。以苯乙烯、丙烯酸丁酯和丙烯酸为单体,硫酸亚铁-过氧化氢作为引发体系,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)作为乳化剂,并加入适量的淀粉,合成了苯乙烯丙烯酸丁酯(SAE)聚合乳液。利用正交实验的方法,比较了乳化剂用量、淀粉用量、SDS占乳化剂的比例及预乳化转速等因素对苯乙烯丙烯酸酯(SAE)表面施胶剂合成效果的影响,并且探讨了采用不同的表胶添加量对纸张性能的影响。结果表明,对表面施胶剂性能影响最大的因素是乳化剂用量;最佳工艺方案为乳化剂总用量为单体量的2%、预乳化转速为600 r/min、淀粉用量为单体量的20%、SDS占乳化剂用量的1%;以最佳方案合成的表面施胶剂对纸张进行表面施胶,Cobb值可达到39.2 g/m2;表胶添加量为淀粉绝干量的5%时,相对于未添加时的纸张,Cobb值下降了58.4%,表面强度上升了57.7%。     

腐植酸铵-硅藻土-聚丙烯酸型吸水材料的制备及性能

为节约水资源,以腐植酸铵(AHA)、硅藻土(DE)、丙烯酸(AA)为原料,通过聚合反应合成了腐植酸铵型吸水材料,并利用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对材料进行了结构和形貌的表征,讨论了合成条件对吸水倍率的影响,并考察了其反复吸水性能。结果表明最佳合成条件为丙烯酸用量为10 g、丙烯酸中和度为65%、反应温度为75℃、腐植酸铵用量为15%、硅藻土用量为10%、交联剂用量为0. 3%、引发剂用量为2. 2%。此条件下合成材料对蒸馏水与0. 9%的氯化钠溶液的吸收倍率分别可达684倍和104倍,且反复吸水性能良好,FTIR分析表明腐植酸铵与丙烯酸发生了接枝共聚反应,SEM分析表明合成材料具有孔状结构,XRD分析表明合成出了新的产物。该合成产物原材料丰富,价格低,在农业保水领域具有一定的应用价值和参考价值。     

丙烯酸及其酯类乳液聚合条件的研究

以丙烯酸及丙烯酸正丁酯为主要原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,OP－10、十二烷基硫酸钠为乳化剂,用乳液聚合法合成了聚丙烯聚类增稠剂,考察了聚合条件对共聚物性能的影响。     

聚丙烯薄膜用高耐水白丙烯酸酯压敏胶的合成研究

本文以丙烯酸类单体为主要原料,通过半连续聚合工艺,合成了聚丙烯薄膜用高耐水白丙烯酸酯乳液压敏胶,考察了聚合型乳化剂、引发剂、种子乳液及内外交联单体用量乳液及压敏胶性能的影响。综合乳液性能及压敏胶性能得出:当反应型乳化剂SR-10/X-209=1:1用量为2.5%、引发剂用量为0.6%、种子乳液用量为3%,内交联单体为乙酰乙酸基甲基丙烯酸乙酯(AAEM)用量(占总单体总量)为0.5%、外交联单体为Silok627用量(下同)不超0.5%时所制备的压敏胶在聚丙烯薄膜上的粘结性能适中且具有优异的耐水白性。     

反相微小乳液合成速溶高分子量聚丙烯酸钠

以聚异丁烯丁二酰亚胺、十二烷基硫酸钠为乳化剂,采用反相微小乳液法合成了速溶高分子量聚丙烯酸钠.研究了乳化剂和pH值对聚合体系稳定性的影响以及(NH4)2S2O8—甲基丙烯酸—N、N—二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)—NaHSO3引发剂、单体浓度、烯丙醇对聚合物性能的影响.结果表明,最佳的实验条件:pH值等于10;乳化剂用量为5%(油相);引发剂浓度分别为0.06%、0.04%、0.02%(W单体);烯丙醇的浓度为0.08%(W单体);单体浓度为40%(水相).在最佳实验条件下,合成聚合物分子量超过2×107,且溶解性能优于溶液聚合和反相悬浮聚合所得产品.     

微乳液聚合制备含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物

以十二烷基磺酸钠和十三异构醇聚氧乙烯醚为复合乳化剂,采用半连续滴加预乳化单体与引发剂,微乳液聚合的方法制备了丙烯酸全氟己基乙基酯(PFEA)、丙烯酸丁酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物.考察了PFEA、乳化剂的质量分数和温度等因素对微乳液聚合及共聚物性能的影响.研究结果表明,当乳化剂质量分数在2%～3%,PFEA质量分数在12%～20%,聚合温度在75～80℃时,聚合反应稳定,且制得的共聚物憎水性优异.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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