反应条件对Ni-HPW/Al_2O_3催化剂加氢裂化性能的影响

考察了温度、压力、氢油比和原料液体空速等对Ni-HPW/Al2O3催化剂上正癸烷加氢裂化反应活性及产物分布的影响,通过优化催化剂最适宜的反应工艺,增加中间馏分油收率.结果表明,NiHPW/Al2O3催化剂适宜的反应条件为:反应温度350℃,反应压力2 MPa,液体空速2.0 h-1,氢油体积比3000.在此条件下,正癸烷转化率为52%,C5+选择性为67%.     

饱水混凝土中硫酸根离子扩散-反应模型研究

针对硫酸盐环境下混凝土的劣化问题,本文从腐蚀机理出发,采用Fick第二定律,考虑硫酸根离子在混凝土中扩散的曲折度,结合水泥水化、腐蚀产物填充和材料损伤度对孔隙的影响建立了硫酸盐侵蚀下混凝土的扩散-反应模型;开展了3种水灰比的混凝土在2种浓度的硫酸盐侵蚀条件下的浸泡腐蚀试验,并与模型计算结果对比分析。结果表明：模型计算值与试验实测值基本一致;相同浓度下,水灰比越大混凝土内部同一截面硫酸根离子含量越高;水灰比一样的混凝土,侵蚀浓度越高腐蚀产物填充孔隙周期越短,相同周期内侵蚀深度越大。最后通过建立的混凝土受硫酸根离子侵蚀的最大深度预测模型,可见硫酸盐侵蚀混凝土的最大侵蚀深度随着侵蚀龄期的延长而逐渐变缓,后随着腐蚀产物对混凝土产生损伤,扩散速率加快,侵蚀深度变大。     

合成气在超临界流体及F-T重质烃中的扩散行为研究

对CO和H2在483K、3．5MPa条件下，在充满F－T合成产物（平均相对分子质量400）或超临界正戊烷的催化剂微孔内的扩散速率、孔内气体浓度分布以及催化剂的内表面利用率进行了模拟计算。结果表明合成气在F－T产物中的扩散速率比超临界介质中低得多，从而造成了气相反应中从催化剂孔中到孔内显著的合成气浓度梯度及催化剂内表面利用率的下降，从理论上解释了超临界条件下CO转化率和烃收率优于气相反应的原因。     

无声放电和电晕放电转化温室气体比较研究

在无声放电和电晕放电条件下 ,研究了温室气体甲烷和二氧化碳的转化特性 .实验结果表明 ,甲烷和二氧化碳在不同放电形式下反应得到不同的产物 .甲烷、二氧化碳电晕放电反应的主要产物是合成气 ,无声放电反应的产物包括合成气、烃、含氧化物和高聚物等 ,类似于Fischer- Tropsch合成的产物 ,但分布不符合 Schulz- Flory方程 .在实验条件下 ,电晕放电反应体系的能量产率是 2 .2 6 mol/ (k W· h) ,无声放电反应体系的为 0 .34 mol/ (k W· h) .输入功率对等离子体反应影响较显著 ,甲烷和二氧化碳转化率随体系输入功率的提高而很快增加 .将 13X分子筛催化剂引入无声放电反应 ,提高了烃类产物选择性 ,抑制了炭黑和高聚物的生成 ,但甲烷和二氧化碳转化率分别由 6 4.3%和 5 5 .4%降低至 5 1.6 %和 41.7% ,合成气的H2 / CO比由 1.7降至 1.4     

N-(4-氯苯基)金刚烷甲酰胺的合成

以金刚烷为原料,在H₂SO₄作用下与HCOOH反应生成1-金刚烷甲酸,再与SOCl₂回流1 h反应生成1-金刚烷甲酰氯,通过与对氯苯胺(PCA)的胺化反应制得最终产物N-(4-氯苯基)金刚烷甲酰胺,总收率为83.3%。利用红外光谱和核磁对产物的组成和结构进行了表征。并讨论了胺化反应过程中乙腈、丙酮、1,2-二氯甲烷、甲苯作为溶剂对产物收率的影响,结果表明,随着溶剂极性的降低,产物收率增加。由于拥有双官能团,该化合物是一种很有价值的医药中间体。     

α-蒎烯水合反应动力学研究

以强酸性阳离子大孔交换树脂Lewatit2620为催化剂,催化α-蒎烯水合反应,获得主要产物α-松油醇.在催化反应中,部分α-蒎烯发生异构化反应,生成单环萜烯,影响松油醇的收率.在搅拌釜反应器内分别考察了催化剂种类、溶剂种类、催化剂用量、反应物配比、温度及反应时间对α-蒎烯转化率和α-松油醇收率的影响.结果表明,优化反应条件为:催化剂用量为每克总液体炉料使用催化剂0.20g,m(α-蒎烯)∶m(水)∶m(溶剂y)=1∶0.13∶2,反应温度333.15K,反应时间4h,此时α-蒎烯转化率为98%,松油醇的收率为36%.本文建立拟均相(PH)模型来研究α-蒎烯直接水合反应的动力学,并估算出动力学参数,通过模型得到的计算值与实验值是吻合的,故PH模型适用于α-蒎烯的直接水合反应.用准一级动力学模型确定了各反应的反应速率常数的表达式.     

2，6-萘二硫酚的合成及表征

文中以2，6-萘二磺酸钠为原料，成功地合成了2，6-萘二硫酚。研究了原料配比、反应时间、试剂纯度、氯化氢流量等因素对产率的影响。研究发现，合成中间产物2，6-萘二磺酰氯的最佳温度为110℃；合成目标产物2，6-萘二硫酚时，最佳反应温度为70℃，反应自始至终通入氯化氢，可以使产物的收率达80%以上。产物结构通过IR，¹H-NMR和元素分析表征。     

蒸汽渗透耦合乳酸乙酯水解反应条件优化

水解反应中产物的富集将限制转化率的提高,蒸汽渗透可以在线移除特定产物,提高反应转化率。采用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)/陶瓷复合膜在线脱除乳酸乙酯水解生成的乙醇,优化了反应条件。考察了蒸汽渗透耦合乳酸乙酯水解过程中温度、催化剂用量、水酯摩尔比以及膜面积和反应液初始质量比(S/m_0)对乳酸乙酯转化率的影响,最佳条件为:反应温度95℃、催化剂用量2%、水酯初始摩尔比10∶1、S/m_0为0.057 m~2/kg,该条件下反应3 h时,乳酸的收率达到将近100%。     

2,5-二氯硝基苯微波促进氟化反应的研究

该文讨论了微波作用下2，5—二氯硝基苯的卤素交换氟化反应，以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)作溶剂，氟化钾作氟化剂，微波功率225W时，反应1h，2，5—二氯硝基苯的转化率为97．6％，5—氯—2—氟硝基苯的收率为54．4％。相同条件下，不用微波照射，得到相近收率需要反应10h。实验还发现，微波照射下2，5—二氯硝基苯的卤素交换氟化反应存在明显的脱硝基的氟化副反应。在适当的条件下脱硝基氟化副产物的量可占产物的35．1％。对实验结果进行了初步的分析和讨论。     

不同层间距的交联粘土对1,2,4-三甲苯歧化反应的催化性能

用铝和锆的羟基低聚物交联合成皂石及天然临安土 ,制得不同层间距的交联粘土 表征了样品的晶相、酸性 考察了样品对 1 ,2 ,4-三甲苯歧化反应的催化性能 结果表明层间距、转化率及选择性间存在一定关系 ,层间距越大转化率越高 ,但对 1 ,2 ,4,5-TEMB的选择性越低 样品的酸类型及酸量对反应也有影响 ,样品的酸量越大转化率越高 ,交联粘土的强B酸中心有利于 1 ,2 ,4-三甲苯发生歧化反应 ,而弱酸中心有利于 1 ,2 ,4-三甲苯发生异构化反应     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-