基于色差计技术区分不同原藻产地干紫菜(条斑紫菜)

针对近年来我国条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)栽培区北移、产区扩大、紫菜交易市场出现不同原藻产地干紫菜混杂的现象,迫切需要对不同原藻产地的干紫菜进行鉴别。本文采用色差计技术结合多元变量分析,对62份产于江苏南部海区和山东威海海区的原藻干紫菜样品光谱反射率与颜色进行测定和分析。结果表明:江苏南部产区的干紫菜样品的L*、a*、b*值均高于威海样品,且在a*、b*值上存在显著性差异,即威海产区的干紫菜相较于江苏南部产区的干紫菜颜色更显蓝绿色。江苏南部产区样品的光谱反射率在500—740nm波长下均大于威海海区的样品,700—740nm的反射波长为2个原藻产区干紫菜的特征差异波长。色差技术结合多元变量分析可以区分不同产地干紫菜。     

基于高光谱的法国梧桐和毛白杨叶片叶绿素含量反演模型研究

利用ASD便携式野外光谱仪和SPAD-502叶绿素计,实测了落叶阔叶树法国梧桐(Platanus orientalis L)和毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr)叶片的高光谱反射率与叶片绿度,并对原始光谱反射率及一阶导数光谱与叶片绿度进行了相关分析;采用导数光谱数据敏感波段建立了叶绿素含量估算模型,法国梧桐和毛白杨模型的确定性系数R2分别为0.7791和0.6858;采用相关系数较大的波段作为BP和RBF人工神经网络模型的输入变量,分别进行了叶绿素含量的估算,结果表明,BP和RBF神经网络模型预测效果均良好,在预测精度上,RBF略优于BP神经网络模型.     

耦合高光谱数据估算土壤含水率的方法

在田间利用高光谱技术监测土壤含水率(Soil Moisture Content,SMC)成为精准农业研究的热点之一,但农田原状光谱受到土壤表层属性如表面粗糙度、质地、微聚体和其它环境因素的影响,且小尺度区域SMC空间差异较小,增加了SMC光谱信息的提取难度,导致SMC的估算精度较低;基于实验室内经过筛制备的土壤样品的光谱数据建模,虽然模型精度较高,但人为改变土壤结构和紧实度的预处理方式无法表征农田SMC的实际状况.因此,该文尝试提出一种耦合土样原状光谱数据和标准光谱数据估算农田SMC的新方法.通过获取江汉平原潮土土样的原状光谱反射率(R_und)和烘干光谱反射率(R_dry);基于R_dry确定研究区同一土壤类型在烘干状态下(SMC为0)的标准光谱(Std­R);采用差值、比值、归一化的方法耦合R_und和Std­R,得到耦合光谱(Cpl­R_S、Cpl­R_D、Cpl­R_N);提取耦合光谱中水分敏感波段的光谱(Moe­R_S、Moe­R_D、Moe­R_N),基于偏最小二乘回归方法(PLSR)建立SMC的估算模型.结果表明,标准光谱具有良好的代表性,能够为光谱耦合提供统一且稳定的背景值;耦合土样的原状光谱和标准光谱可以有效地削减土壤水分以外其它因素对土壤高光谱观测的影响;利用耦合光谱的水分敏感波段建立的SMC估算模型相较基于R_und建立的模型,有效降低了模型的复杂度,精度有较大程度地提升,建模集Rc(2)从0.46最高上升至0.61,验证集Rp(2)从0.49最高上升至0.71,RPD值从1.39最高上升至1.72,模型的稳定性、拟合度和预测能力都得到提升.该方法简单、易推广,为快速准确评估农田墒情提供了新途径.     

Optimal waveband identification for estimation of leaf area index of paddy rice

The objectives of the study were to select suitable wavebands for rice leaf area index （LAI） estimation using the data acquired over a whole growing season, and to test the efficiency of the selected wavebands by comparing them with feature positions of rice canopy spectra. In this study, the field experiment in 2002 growing season was conducted at the experimental farm of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Measurements of hyperspectral reflectance （350-2500 nm） and corresponding LAI were made for a paddy rice canopy throughout the growing season. And three methods were employed to identify the optimal wavebands for paddy rice LAI estimation： correlation coefficient-based method, vegetation index-based method, and stepwise regression method. This research selected 15 wavebands in the region of 350-2500 nm, which appeared to be the optimal wavebands for the paddy rice LAI estimation. Of the selected wavebands, the most frequently occurring wavebands were centered around 554, 675, 723, and 1633 rim. They were followed by 444, 524, 576, 594, 804, 849, 974, 1074, 1219, 1510, and 2194 rim. Most of them made physical sense and had their counterparts in spectral known feature positions, which indicates the promising potential of the 15 selected wavebands for the retrieval of paddy rice LAI.     

土壤磷形态的反射光谱特征及其光谱建模

由于对土壤磷的可见-近红外反射光谱的特征认识不足,土壤磷的光谱模型稳定性较差。为此,通过分离不同磷组分,分别以标准白板和残渣样品为参考光谱,间接和直接测定了不同磷组分的反射光谱。通过分析其光谱特征及光谱模型的间接和直接结果,发现各磷形态具有显著不同的反射光谱特征,光谱形状、反射率大小及峰/谷位置均不同,能够被现有可见-近红外光谱（200~1000 nm）定性和定量分析。在现有研究波段内,250 ~750 nm是土壤磷的敏感波段。研究结果为认识全磷的反射光谱特征及预测全磷含量提供了理论依据。     

野鸭湖湿地牛鞭草不同覆盖度的光谱特征分析

采用导数法和包络线去除法,分析了不同覆盖度牛鞭草的光谱特征.结果表明,不同覆盖度的牛鞭草在绿光波段出现反射峰,在红光波段出现吸收谷,近红外波段处具有"红边效应".不同盖度的牛鞭草光谱反射率的差异主要体现在绿光(520～600 nm)和近红外波段(760～900 nm).在近红外波段范围内,反射率随覆盖度的增加而增大,两者呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).此外,红光波段比蓝光波段有更为强烈的吸收效应.我们的研究表明,高光谱遥感可以有效地应用于湿地植物覆盖度或与之相关的生长情况的监测之中.     

MW-PLS法对雷尼替丁粉末药品的定量分析

结合可移动窗口偏最小二乘法（MW PLS）, 利用近红外漫反射光谱建立雷尼替丁粉末药品质量分数无损快速检测方法. 对模型进行优化时选择一阶导数、 二阶导数、 卷积平滑和快速Fourier变换预处理方法, 并优化隐变量数等模型参数. 以逼近度Da作为建模参数的优化评价标准, 最终得到测定雷尼替丁粉末药品的最佳模
型. 用该模型进行预测, 其校正集和验证集的预测值和真实值间的相关系数（Rc）分别为0.984 5和0.977 5, 校正集的均方根误差（RMSEC）为0.003 1, 验证集均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.003 3. 与高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定结果比较, 其相对误差≤2.422%.     

羊草草原不同生长时期反射波谱日变化特性的分析

对不同生长时期的羊草草原反射日变化特征的测试与分析结果：１）羊草群落反射日变化特征在７月初表现为时间的单峰曲线，在８，９月中旬为时间的直线型曲线，在一天中的不同时段，各波段反射率与太阳高度角和时间的变化分别存在极显的相关关系；（２）同各个波段反射率的日变化特征相比，ＲＶＩ和ＮＤＶＩ都能有效地减少太阳高度角变化的影响，其中以ＮＤＶＩ的作用最好；３）８月中旬对太阳辐射的利用强度最大，各个波段的反射率     

Design and fabrication of soft X-ray multilayer for broadband reflection

A random method used for improving light throughput of a soft X-ray multilayer has been developed in the 18–20 nm spectral region, based on the traditional theory of periodic multilayer, and an 8% gain in integrated reflectance is obtained. The ensemble calculation is presented at the same time, and the multilayer is fabricated by magnetron sputtering. Finally low-angle X-ray diffraction and reflectance comparative measurement are used for testing the multilayer. The results demonstrate that layer thickness disorder yields band broadening and increased integrated reflectance in the spectral range with respect to periodic multilayer, but is accompanied by a reduction in reflectance peak. Layer thickness disorder makes it more difficult to fabricate broadband multilayer, and improving the techniques of layer thickness control is the keystone of experiments.     

基于短波近红外光谱盐酸氟桂利嗪粉末药品质量比的估算方法

基于短波近红外(SW-NIR)漫反射光谱,提出一种非破坏定量预测盐酸氟桂利嗪粉末药品质量比的新方法.以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析值为参考值,将遗传算法(GA)和神经网络相结合,建立盐酸氟桂利嗪粉末药品的光谱特性与质量比间的定量分析模型.应用GA自动构建神经网络拓扑结构,选择最优的网络参数和光谱波段;讨论不同光谱预处理方法对神经网络预报能力的影响,并对测试集样品质量比进行预测.结果表明,一阶导数数据预处理方法为最优预处理建模方法,其测试集的均方根误差RMSE=0.198 7%,相关系数R=0.986 3.     

利用地面光谱数据反演悬浮泥沙质量浓度

为研究用高光谱数据反演悬浮泥沙质量浓度的方法,以近海悬浮泥沙为实验材料,配制了不同质量浓度悬浮泥沙样品,利用2种方法对样品进行建模:一种是将可见光和近红外光谱进行小波变换并将小波低频系数以偏最小二乘回归建模,另一种为波段组合法.利用交叉检验方法,分析了交叉检验结果,并将2种方法建立的模型进行了比较.研究表明:波段组合法中,TM4与TM1波段反射率比值的指数模型效果最好;在预测能力上,小波偏最小二乘模型总体上比波段组合模型精度高并且稳定性好,适用于悬浮泥沙光谱定量分析.     

In situ hyperspectral data analysis for pigment content estimation of rice leaves

Analyses of the correlation between hyperspectral reflectance and pigment content including chlorephyll-a, chlorephyll-b and carotenoid of leaves in different sites of rice were reported in this paper. The hyperspectral reflectance of late rice during the whole growing season was measured using a Spectroradiometer with spectral range of 350 - 1050 nm and resolution of 3 nm. The chlorophyll-a, chlorephyll-b and carotenoid contents in rice leaves in rice fields to which different levels of nitrogen were applied were measured. The chlorephyll-a content of upper leaves was well correlated with the spectral variables. However, the correlation between both chlorephyll-b and careteniod and the spectral variables was far from that of chlorophyll-a. The potential of hyperspectral reflectance measurement for estimating chlorophyll-a of upper leaves was evaluated using univariate correlation and multivariate regression analysis methods with different types of predictors. This study showed that the most suitable estimated model of chlorephyll-a of upper leaves was obtained by using some hyperspectral variables such as SDr , SDb and their integration.     

基于高分五号卫星数据的红树林群落光谱特征分析

为解决高分五号(GF-5)高光谱数据空间分辨率较低的问题，本研究采用葛拉姆-施密特(Gram-Schmidt, GS)正交变换融合算法对GF-5高光谱数据与高分二号(GF-2)数据进行空谱融合，利用1 m分辨率的GF-5高光谱数据结合实地样本数据提取不同红树林群落与互花米草群落的平均反射率，通过包络线去除与一阶微分计算的方法分析不同红树林群落与互花米草群落的复合光谱特征，从光谱特征探讨红树林群落的可分性。结果表明，在原始光谱曲线680-900、980-1 320、1 530-1 750 nm区间4种群落的光谱差异最大；经过包络线去除与一阶微分计算后的4种群落的光谱反射率分别在1 170-1 400 nm与1 330-1 470 nm波长范围处表现出明显差异。综上可知，不同红树林群落与互花米草的光谱反射率在近红外波段范围内的差异性最大，近红外波段可作为识别不同红树林群落与互花米草的优势波段。     

基于光谱测量的南方典型树种反射光谱特征分析

利用ISI921VF野外地物光谱辐射计测量得到的南方典型树种光谱数据,分析南方典型树种的冠层反射光谱特征,并探讨光谱对于遥感影像树种分类的可分性．以茶、杉木、阔叶林、马尾松这四种作为代表,结果表明这四种地物的反射光谱曲线及它们的一阶微分反射比波谱曲线在近红外波段差异显著;且转化为北京一号（BJ-1）和TM等效反射波谱曲线后,BJ-1影像和TM影像的地物间差异仍较明显,因此常用的多光谱遥感影像对纯林分树种具有一定的可分性．     

黄渤海悬浮颗粒物散射特性研究

【目的】研究悬浮颗粒物的散射特性,用以描述水体固有光学特性。【方法】利用2014年11月黄渤海海区航测数据,分别选取555nm和532nm作为参考波长,建立悬浮颗粒物散射及后向散射的光谱模型,并对模型拟合效果进行检验;此外,还建立了悬浮颗粒物散射参数与水体组分浓度的关系模型。【结果】模型验证结果表明:光谱模型的平均相对误差绝对值(MAPE)分别在60%和35%以内;散射参数与悬浮颗粒物质量浓度模型MAPE的最小值仅为15.0%。【结论】黄渤海颗粒物散射特性主要由非藻类颗粒物主导。     

Experimental study on spectral responses of offshore oil slick

Using the seawater taken from Liaodong Bay and crude oil taken from Liaohe Oilfield, a laboratory experiment was designed to study the change of reflectance spectrum of artificial offshore oil slick with its thickness and to identify the spectrum ranges suitable for quantifying the thickness of the oil slick. During the experiment, crude oil was continuously dropped into the seawater to generate artificial oil slick with different thicknesses. After every drop of crude oil was added, reflectance spectrum of the oil slick was measured with a high resolution spectroradiometer （ASD FieldSpec Pro FR）. The influence of oil slick thickness on its reflectance spectrum was explored through statistical analysis. The results show that the reflectance of oil slick changes marginally with oil slick thickness and higher than that of seawater in infrared band from 1150 to 2500 nm. This spectrum range can be practically used to distinguish oil slick from seawater. In the spectrum range from 400 to 1150 nm, the reflectance of oil slick decreases with its thickness. The negative power function is the best-fit function expressing the relationship between the reflectance and thickness. The spectral characteristics of oil slick are very distinct at 550 and 645 nm. They are the best wavelengths for monitoring the existence of offshore oil slick and estimating its thickness.     

Application of NIR spectroscopy for firmness evaluation of peaches

The use of near infrared （NIR） spectroscopy was proved to be a useful tool for quality analysis of fruits. A bifurcated fiber type NIR spectrometer, with a detection range of 800-2500 nm by InGaAs detector, was used to evaluate the firmness of peaches. Anisotropy of NIR spectra and firmness of peaches in relation to detecting positions of different parts （including three latitudes and three longitudes） were investigated. Both spectra absorbency and firmness of peach were influenced by longitudes （i, ii, iii） and latitudes （A, B, C）. For modeling, two thirds of the samples were used as the calibration set and the remaining one third were used as the validation or prediction set. Partial least square regression （PLSR） models for different longitude and latitude spectra and for the whole fruit show that collecting several NIR spectra from different longitudes and latitudes of a fruit for NIR calibration modeling can improve the modeling performance. In addition, proper spectra pretreatments like scattering correction or derivative also can enhance the modeling performance. The best results obtained in this study were from the holistic model with multiplicative scattering correction （MSC） pretreatment, with correlation coefficient of cross-validation γcv=0.864, root mean square error of cross-validation RMSECV=6.71 N, correlation coefficient of calibration r=0.948, root mean square error of calibration RMSEC=4.21 N and root mean square error of prediction RMSEP=5.42 N. The results of this study are useful for further research and application that when applying NIR spectroscopy for objectives with anisotropic differences, spectra and quality indices are necessarily measured from several parts of each object to improve the modeling performance.     

Inversion of oceanic chlorophyll concentrations by neural networks

Neural networks (NNs) for the inversion of chlorophyll concentrations from remote sensing reflectance measurements were designed and trained on a subset of the SeaBAM data set. The remaining SeaBAM data set was then applied to evaluating the performance of NNs and compared with those of the SeaBAM empirical algorithms. NNs achieved better inversion accuracy than the empirical algorithms in most of chlorophyll concentration range, especially in the intermediate and high chlorophyll regions and CaseⅡ waters. Systematic overestimation existed in the very low chlorophyll (<0.031 mg/m³) region, and little improvement was obtained by changing the size of the training data set.     

富营养化水体中氮磷物质与光谱反射率的相关性分析

利用FieldSpec HandHeld地物光谱仪对不同的富营养化水体进行反射光谱测量和同步水质采样分析,通过研究水体反射光谱的特征,分析了光谱反射率与总氮、总磷浓度之间的关系.结果表明：光谱反射率比R640/R447与总氮浓度、R703/R447与总磷浓度的线性相关程度较好,并以此分别建立了两者的反演模型.     

近红外漫反射光谱法对蛇床子SFE萃取产物的质量监控

采用近红外漫反射光谱法对中药蛇床子SFE萃取过程中主要成分蛇床子素和欧前胡素进行快速、 无损检测. 以HPLC分析值作参比值， 采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）建立近红外光谱信息与各组分含量间的定量校正模型. 讨论了波长范围的选择和主成分数对PLS定量预测蛇床子萃取物中蛇床子素和欧前胡素含量能力的影响， 并对预测集样品含量进行预测， 结果令人满意.