Microbial community structure in major habitats above 6000 m on Mount Everest

Bacterial abundance in surface snow between 6600 and 8000 m a.s.l. on the northern slope of Mt. Ev- erest was investigated by flow cytometry. Bacterial diversity in serac ice at 6000 m a.s.l., glacier melt- water at 6350 m, and surface snow at 6600 m a.s.l. was examined by constructing a 16S rRNA gene clone library. Bacterial abundance in snow was higher than that in the Antarctic but similar to other mountain regions in the world. Bacterial abundance in surface snow increased with altitude but showed no correlation with chemical parameters. Bacteria in the cryosphere on Mt. Everest were closely related to those isolated from soil, aquatic environments, plants, animals, humans and other frozen environ- ments. Bacterial community structures in major habitats above 6000 m were variable. The Cyto- phaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group absolutely dominated in glacial meltwater, while β-Proteobacteria and the CFB group dominated in serac ice, and β-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated in surface snow. The remarkable differences among the habitats were most likely due to the bacterial post-deposition changes during acclimation processes.     

日照市近岸海域冬夏季游泳动物群落结构研究

为探明日照市近岸海域冬夏季游泳动物种类组成、优势种、资源密度和物种多样性及其变化趋势,于2016年2月（冬季）和8月（夏季）对该海域进行2个航次的调查。调查共捕获游泳动物71种,其中鱼类44种,甲壳类22种,头足类5种。冬季优势种为玉筋鱼（Ammodytes personatus）和疣背深额虾（Latreutes planirostris）,夏季为日本枪乌贼（Loliolusia pouica）、矛尾虾虎鱼（Chaeturichthys stigmatias）、口虾蛄（Oratosquilla oratoria）、绿鳍鱼（Chelidonichthys spinosus）。冬夏两季调查游泳动物平均尾数资源密度分别为106.86×10³,59.41×10³ ind./km²;平均质量资源密度分别为191.22,251.35 kg/km²;平均Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数（H''）分别为1.535,1.896;平均Pielou均匀度指数（J）分别为0.540,0.693;平均Margalef物种丰富度指数分别为2.505,2.495。研究表明该海域游泳动物以小型鱼类、甲壳类和头足类为主。与2006年山东半岛南部近岸海域调查结果相比,甲壳类物种有增加的趋势。     

Phylogenetic identification and microbial diversity in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu Mountain,Tibet

The bacterial diversity and abundance in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu mountain, Tibet, were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing followed by scanning electronic microscopy analysis. Most of bacteria were found to be of spherical or oval shape （〉95%）. Bacterial 16S rDNA sequences were classified into 5 genera （Caulobacter, Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Pelomonas and Pseudomonas）. Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant （91.25%） among the library that consists of 594 clones. The sequences found in this study are highly similar to those previously retrieved from other cold environments, such as ice core, sea ice, permafrost and snow. The results showed that the cold and barren environments strongly influence the survival of bacteria. The high similarity among sequences retrieved from snow sample and other places, such as ocean, soil and water, suggested that the bacteria in snow, soil and water environments have the same origin.     

Effect of global warming on the distribution of Lucifer intermedius and L. hanseni （Decapoda） in the Changjiang estuary

We conducted an oceanographic census in 1959, 2002, and 2005 to evaluate changes in the temporo-spatial distribution and abundance of Lucifer intermedius and L. hanseni in the Changjiang estuary. In general, the abundance and frequency of occurrence (OF) for these two species were highest during the summer. We measured a significant change in the abundance and OF between years. The abundance and OF of L. intermedius increased from 3.7 individuals m⁻³ and 66.67%, respectively, in 1959, to 8.93 individuals m⁻³ and 85.19%, in 2002. In 1959, L. hanseni was only found during the summer (abundance: 0.01 individuals m⁻³, OF: 3.70%). However, in 2002, this species was collected during all seasons except the winter. Furthermore, abundance (0.47 individuals m⁻³) and OF (25.93%) were higher in 2002 than in 1959. Further increases in abundance and OF were measured during cruises during the spring of 2005. We hypothesize that global warming is responsible for the increase in abundance of L. intermedius and L. hanseni and the northward expansion of L. hanseni in the Changjiang estuary. Given our results, monitoring of both species may be useful to evaluate the effects of climate change.     

Water isotope variations in the snow pack and summer precipitation at July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China

This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors. On an event scale, there is no temperature effect on the δ 18O values in the summer pre- cipitation, whereas the amount effect is shown to be clear. By tracing the moisture transport history and comparing the precipitation with its isotopic composition, it is shown that this amount effect not only reflects the change in moisture trajectory, which is related to the monsoon activities, but is also associated with the cooling degree of vapor in the cloud, the evaporation of falling raindrops and the isotopic exchange between the falling drops and the atmospheric vapor. As very little precipitation occurs in winter, the snow pack profile mainly represents the precipitation in the other three seasons. There are low precipitation δ 18O ratios in summer and high ratios in spring and autumn. The Meteoric Water Line (MLW) for the summer precipitation is δ D = 7.6 δ 18O 13.3, which is similar to that at Delingha, located in the south rim of the Qilian Mountains. The MWL for the snow pack is δ D = 10.4 δ 18O 41.4, showing a large slope and intercept. The deuterium excess (d) of the snow pack is positively correlated with δ 18O, indicating that both d and δ 18O decrease from spring to summer and increase from early autumn to early spring. This then results in the high slope and intercept of the MWL. Sea- sonal fluctuations of d in the snow pack indicate the change of moisture source and trajectory. During spring and autumn, the moisture originates from continental recycling or rapid evaporation over rela- tively warm water bodies like Black, Caspian and Aral Seas when the dry westerly air masses pass over them, hence very high d values in precipitation are formed. During summer, the monsoon is responsi- ble for the low d values. This indicates that the monsoon can reach the western part of the Qilian Mountains.     

玉龙雪山冰川雪坑中细菌多样性群落结构及其与气候环境的关系

通过DAPI荧光计数、恢复培养和变性梯度凝胶电泳,分析了玉龙雪山不同深度积雪中的细菌数量、多样性及其群落结构.结果显示:玉龙雪山雪坑样品中细菌数量和多样性指数与气候环境替代指标W(Ca~(2+)),W(Mg~(2+)),W(Cl~-)等具有相关性.可培养细菌隶属于三个不同系统发育群:Actinobactema(37%),Firmicutes(11%)和Proteobacteria(α-Proteobacteria)(52%),其中α-Proteobacteria类为优势类群.DGGE测序结果表明细菌属β-Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes类群,以β-Proteobacteria为优势类群,并且不同深度雪坑中细菌多样性和群落结构没有明显变化.结果表明:海洋型冰川雪中细菌数量和多样性、群落结构与大陆型冰川雪相比,冰雪微生物具有其特殊性.     

Two kinds of silicalites in Mount Ailao belt, Yunnan Province

Two kinds of radiolarian silicalites at the bottom and top of the ophiolite in the Mount (Mt.) Ailao belt, Yunnan Province, are dealt with in this work in terms of geology, micro-paleontology, isotope and REE. The first kind of silicalite was defined as the turbidite formation. In this category, the radiolarian species lived in the Late Devonian (D3). The corresponding ecologic assemblage, composed of δ 30Si (0.4‰-0.5‰, average 0.03‰), δ Ce (0.77- 0.97, average 0.85) and LaN /YbN (0.77-1.06, average 0.96) of silicalite, shows that it occurred in the abyssal environment. The second kind of silicalite was defined as the mud-siliceous formation. Contacting conformably with the basalt of the ophiolite suit, the radiolarian silicalite at the top of ophiolite was in the category of the component units of the ophiolite in the Mt. Ailao belt. In this category, the radiolarian species lived in the Early Carboniferous (C1-). The corresponding ecologic assemblage, composed of d 30Si (0.2‰-1.3‰, averaging 0.7‰), dδCe (0.88- 0.92, averaging 0.90) and LaN /YbN (0.77-1.45, averaging 1.22), of silicalites indicate that it occurred in the bathyal environment. All these facts domonstrate that the Mt. Ailao must have been a small ocean basin at that time.     

Elemental composition in surface snow from the ultra-high elevation area of Mt. Qomolangma （Everest）

A total of 14 surface snow （0-10 cm） samples were collected along the climbing route （6500-8844 m a.s.h） on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in May, 2005. Analysis of elemental concentrations in these samples showed that there are no clear trends for element variations with elevation due to redistribution of surface snow by strong winds during spring. In addition, local crustal aerosol inputs also have an influence on elemental composition of surface snow. Comparison between elemental concentration datasets of 2005 and 1997 indicated that data from 2005 were of higher quality. Elemental concentrations （especially for heavy metals） at Mt. Qomolangma are comparable with polar sites, and far lower than large cities. This indicates that anthropogenic activities and heavy metal pollution have little effect on the Mt. Qomolangma atmospheric environment, which can be representative of the background atmospheric environment.     

Phase transition and thermodynamic properties of BaS: An <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ab initio</Emphasis> study

The hydrostatic-pressure-induced transition phase of BaS from the NaCl-type structure (B1) to the CsCl-type structure (B2) is investigated by ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential den-sity functional theory method. It is found that the transition pres-sure from B1 to B2 phases is 8.2 GPa according to the usual con-dition of equal enthalpy. Through the quasi-harmonic Debye model,the dependences of the relative volume V/V0 on the pres-sure P,the thermal expansion parameter ratio on pressure P,and the Debye temperature Θ and heat capacity CV on pressure P and temperature T are estimated.     

广西山口红树林自然保护区蝶类资源考察报告

广西山口红树林自然保护区的蝶类有7科30属46种,以粉蝶科、蛱蝶科的种类较多,分别占总种类数的26.1%和23.9%.不同季节的蝴蝶种类和数量分布不均匀,春、夏、秋、冬季的蝴蝶种类数分别为15种、36种、39种和11种,捕获的数量分别占18.6%、32.2%、40.9%和8.3%.春季常见的蝶类为美目蛱蝶(Junonia almana almana)、珐蛱蝶指名亚种(Phalanta phalantha phalantha)、橙粉蝶(Ixias pyrene)和达摩凤蝶(Popilio demoleus)等;夏季常见蝶类为酢浆小灰蝶指名亚种(Pseudozizeeria maha maha)、幻紫斑蛱蝶海南亚种(Hypolimnas bolina kezia)、波蛱蝶(Ariadne ariadne)和青粉蝶海南亚种(Pareronia valeria hainanensis)等;秋季常见蝶类为虎斑蝶指名亚种(Danaus genutia genutia)、青粉蝶海南亚种(Pareronia valeria hainanensis)、紫灰蝶(Chilades lajus)和黑脉圆粉蝶指名亚种(Cepora nerissa nerissa)等;冬季的常见种为黑脉圆粉蝶指名亚种、无标黄粉蝶云南亚种(Eurema brigitta yunnana)和达摩凤蝶(Popilio demoleus)等.仅有6种蝴蝶可在一年四季采集到.区系成分以东洋种为主,占60.9%,东洋古北兼有种占36.9%,广布种仅占2.2%.蝴蝶群落多样性指数以秋季为最高.     

东寨港海湾尺度下红树林软体动物时空分布特征及驱动因子

研究海湾尺度下软体动物时空分布特征及驱动因子,为红树林湿地功能保护和管理提供科学依据。于2020年7月至2021年4月对海南东寨港湾口、湾中、湾顶3个典型红树林地点的软体动物的种类组成、物种多样性和群落结构进行四季调查,运用单因素方差分析和Pearson相关性分析软体动物时空格局及其与水环境因子的关系。结果显示：海湾内软体动物物种丰富,共采集到18科31种,优势种为珠带拟蟹守螺（Cerithidea cingulata）、小翼拟蟹守螺（Cerithidea microptera）、绯拟沼螺（Assiminea latericea）、短拟沼螺（Assiminea brevicula）、印澳蛤（Indoaustriella plicifera）、斯氏印澳蛤（Indoaustriella scarlatoi）等;年平均密度和年平均生物量分别为79.6 ind./m²和78.7 g/m²;Margalef丰富度指数（d）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H''）分别为1.220±0.188,0.591±0.078,1.815±0.275。海湾内软体动物的密度和生物量存在显著的时空差异：从空间上来看,密度表现为湾口>湾顶>湾中,生物量表现为湾中>湾口>湾顶;从季节上来看,密度差异表现为春季和冬季高于夏季和秋季,生物量则表现为夏季最高。相关性分析结果表明,水体盐度、总溶解固体与软体动物的密度、生物量存在显著的正相关关系,是软体动物群落时空分布特征的主要驱动因子。     

钦州湾外湾东北部近岸区域大型底栖动物群落特征

【目的】研究钦州湾外湾东北部近岸区域大型底栖动物群落结构,判断其受环境干扰的程度,并分析其多样性指数与环境因子之间的相关性。【方法】2010年6月和12月,采用拖网法进行底栖生物样品采集。使用PRIMER和SPSS软件对调查所得数据进行分析。【结果】共采集到大型底栖动物种类148种,其中软体动物57种,节肢动物42种,底栖鱼类20种,其他动物共29种。【结论】调查区域大型底栖动物夏季可划分为3个群落,冬季可划分为2个群落。夏季多样性好于冬季,但冬季各站之间多样性变化范围较小。有少数站位受到中度干扰,个别站位受到稍微干扰。夏季大型底栖动物种类数与悬浮物含量呈显著负相关,生物量、丰度、种类数均与沉积物中的油类含量呈显著负相关,均匀度与沉积物中值粒径呈显著负相关,丰度与沉积物的中值粒径呈显著正相关,Shannon-Wiener指数与沉积物中的粘土含量呈显著正相关;冬季种类数与水体中的盐度、pH值、溶解氧呈显著正相关,与水质中的油类含量呈显著负相关,丰富度指数与溶解氧呈显著正相关。     

北部湾北部潮流谱分析和余流特征研究

【目的】研究北部湾北部的潮流谱和余流特征。【方法】利用1988年10月至1989年8月的涠洲岛附近10m、20m和30m海流观测资料进行谱分析。【结果】无论频率f0或f0,全日潮谱峰都高于半日潮谱峰。其中,主要半日潮周期为12h、12.4h,主要日潮周期分别为23.9h和25.8h。在半日潮和全日潮分量中,顺时针分量是主要的。从余流前进矢量可以看出:冬半年,10m、20m和30m层平均余流矢量方向分别为302°、338°和43°。夏季,10m、20m和30m层平均余流矢量方向分别为246°、298°和292°。【结论】风对1988年10月至1989年2月余流影响明显,但是制约余流运动的主要因素是北部湾北部环流。     

山口红树林区昆虫种类组成及其季节变动的初步分析

通过对山口对林保护区昆虫春季（４月２５日－３０日）、夏季（７月１４日－１９日）、秋季（１０月５日－８日） 季的４次调查，结果表明昆虫物种组成较丰富，１年内共有１９４种昆虫在该地区出现。同时其季节变化也很明显，春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的昆虫物种数为：６９、１６６、９４和３３，春季的昆虫以双齿多刺蚁、淡紫异色粉等占优势，夏季以黄柑蚁、竹木蜂、等占优势，秋季以黄柑蚁、白逅中泰亚种等占优势，冬季则以小红标虫     

北部湾夏、冬两季异养细菌的水平分布特征及其影响因子

于2006年7月15日-8月7日和2006年12月25日-2007年1月22日对北部湾夏、冬两季水体中异养细菌丰度进行调查,探讨环境网子对异养细菌丰度的影响.结果表明,北部湾夏、冬两季异养细菌平均丰度分别是8.00×103和3.85× 102 mL-1.夏季北部湾北部海域表、中、底3个水层异养细菌丰度均显著高于中部和南部海域(p＜0.05),而冬季北部海域表层水体反而成为异养细菌丰度的低值区(p＜0.05),中层和底层水体中异养细菌丰度分布差异不大.随着离岸距离的增加,夏季水体中异养细菌丰度呈现逐步降低的趋势,而冬季这种趋势不明显.活性硅酸盐(SiO3 -Si)和叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度是影响北部湾夏、冬季异养细菌丰度水平分布的关键环境因子.除此之外,冬季水体中异养细菌的丰度还与温度、盐度和溶解氧(DO)显著相关.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobial populations recovered from three Lotus species cultivated in the infra-arid Tunisian soils

Eighty-three bacterial strains isolated from root nodules of Lotus creticus, L. pusillus, and L. arabicus grown in infra-arid Tunisian soils were characterized using a polyphasic approach including phenotypic analysis, rep-PCR and PCR-RFLP analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. Phenotypically, all isolates are fast growers the majority of which grow at a pH of between 5.5 and 9. Most of the tested isolates tolerate NaCl concentrations from 1.39% to 3.48%. By rep-PCR fingerprinting, the genomic similarity varied from 30% to 98%. All tested isolates were clustered into 32 rep-PCR clusters at the similarity level of 80%. The genomic divergence of strains revealed by rep/PCR analysis appeared to be very important since a molecular polymorphism delimiting symbionts for each species of Lotus was identified. With the high-resolution of rep-PCR profiles of the isolates obtained using Pearson’s/UPGMA analysis, the isolates were resolved into 60 different profiling groups to undergo 16S ARDRA analyses. The analysis of all restriction fragments from each strain based on the UPGMA algorithm from the combined patterns showed that Lotus isolates are very diverse and that they were affiliated to Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium, and Mesorhizobium genera.     

Minus domination number in cubic graph

An upper bound is established on the parameter Γ -(G) for a cubic graph G and two infinite families of 3-connected graphs G k, G * k are constructed to show that the bound is sharp and, moreover, the difference Γ -(G * k)-γ s(G * k) can be arbitrarily large, where Г -(G * k) and γ s(G * k) are the upper minus domination and signed domination numbers of G * k, respectively. Thus two open problems are solved.     

Long-chain alkenones in sulfate lakes and its paleoclimatic implications

Long-chain alkenones are ubiquitous in marinesediments. The relationship between alkenone unsatura-tion and temperature has been proved by field studies andcultures of E. huxleyi[1] and G. oceanica[2]. As an idealproxy for sea surface paleotemperature estimation, theU37 index is widely applied to reconstructing paleotem- K 'perature in most oceanographic settings[3—10]. The suc-cessful progresses in the ocean invoked the researchers’attention to the study of LCAs in the liminic system.Cr…     

Three-year changes of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semiarid area

Diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces at a semiarid area of Tognyu have been investigated based on the continuous three years observational data from 2003 to 2005. The changes of surface albedo with solar elevation angle and soil moisture have been discussed also. It has been found that surface albedo has almost the same diurnal and seasonal variations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in the semiarid area, while surface albedo is large in winter and small in summer. The diurnal variation of the surface albedo has relationship with the weather condition. The diurnal cycle of the surface albedo likes the ＂U＂ shape curve in sunny day, while it is low-high after the rain, and high-low after the snow. The surface albedo has large variation in cloudy day, while it has no any variation in overcast day. The large difference of the surface albedo can be 0.04 in winter between two land surfaces, because the snow has large effects on the surface albedo in winter. The rainfall is an important factor in summer on the surface albedo, while the difference of the surface albedo is 0.01 only between two land surfaces. The differences of the surface albedo can also be 0.04 in autumn due to vegetation growing. The seasonal-average surface albeo from 2003-2005 is 0.25, 0.22, 0.24, 0.32 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the degraded grassland surface, while it is 0.25, 0.21,0.22, 0.33 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the cropland surface. The surface albedo becomes smaller with the increase of solar elevation angle. When the solar elevation angle is greater than 40°, the surface albedo changes very little and tends to be a constant. The surface albedo has negative exponent functions with soil moisture in the growing season.     

An exact expression for fractional absorption in Mossbauer spectroscopy

The fractional resonance absorption ε(0) in transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy is defined as a relative number of the absorbed γ-ray, and regarded as a measure of Mossbauer effect. The absorption linewidth Λ _a , as it is usually suggested, is nearly equal to the emission linewidth, Λ _s , and such an approximation leads to a extremely simplified expression ε(0), depending on neither Λ _s nor Λ _a . We consider the general case Λ _s ≠Λ _a , and obtain an exact expression for ε(0) which is given in the present paper. This expression ε(0), as a function oft _a, Λ _s , Λ _a , is figured and discussed. Biography: Chen Yi-long (1934-), male, Professor, research interest: Mossbauer effect and its applications.