Al-Cu-Mn合金铸锭均匀化工艺及组织性能分析

采用光学金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、电导率等检测手段,对铸态和均匀化态的2219合金微观组织、第二相分布及电导率进行研究分析。结果表明,2219合金铸态组织存在着枝晶偏析,在晶界上聚集大量的Al₂Cu相,并有长条状的脆性相Al₇Cu₂（Fe、Mn）穿插在晶界上。经525 ℃均匀化处理22 h后,晶界上Al₂Cu相回溶到基体中,枝晶网络被破坏,枝晶偏析消除,Cu元素从晶界到晶内的分布趋于平稳;处于亚稳态的溶质原子从过饱和固溶体中析出,在晶内呈细小、弥散地分布,基体溶质原子固溶度降低,电子散射作用减弱,电导率提高10 %IACS。     

2E12铝合金均匀化过程微观组织演变规律

采用SEM,EPMA,TEM和硬度测试等技术,研究2E12铝合金铸锭在均匀化过程中的非平衡相溶解、元素分布特征以及第二相析出行为。研究结果表明:合金铸锭的晶界处连续分布着粗大的α+θ+S共晶组织。合金中的Cu和Mg元素存在明显的偏析,而Mn元素分布较为均匀。随着均匀化处理的进行,合金中的粗大共晶组织逐渐溶解,Cu,Mg和Si元素逐步溶入合金基体,而Fe和Mn元素则从合金基体中脱溶。在均匀化处理过程中,合金基体中析出大量T相粒子。伴随着T相的析出,合金的硬度逐渐升高,同时电导率也明显增加。当合金于490℃均匀化1 000 h后,晶界附近出现明显的PFZ。     

Zn对5083合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了5083合金添加1.5%~5%Zn(质量分数)对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响.通过SEM和EDS对铸态、均匀化处理后和轧制态合金的微观组织进行了表征并测试轧制态合金的拉伸性能.结果表明:铸态合金随Zn含量的增加偏析程度增加,金属间化合物主要为富Mg和富Zn相.均匀化处理后的合金具有良好的轧制性能,均匀化处理后合金金属间化合物量明显减少,部分未溶金属间化合物是Mg_2Si和Al_3Fe相.轧制显著降低晶粒尺寸,轧制试样的晶粒尺寸约150 nm.随着Zn含量增加轧制态合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度增加,延伸率有所下降.     

均匀化退火对AZ31B镁合金组织与性能的影响

AZ31B镁合金铸态组织晶界处存在粗大的"骨骼"状Mg17Al12相以及凝固过程中产生的成分偏析,严重影响了铸锭的成形性能.为改善其成形性能,对铸态试样进行了均匀化退火试验,其保温温度为380,400,420 ℃以及保温时间为6,15,24 h.均匀化退火后Mg17Al12相呈细小的颗粒状分布在α-Mg基体上,枝晶偏析大部分得到消除,镁合金的塑性得到改善.根据均匀化退火后的组织与性能变化确定了最佳的退火工艺为400 ℃×15 h.     

固溶热处理对一种第三代镍基单晶高温合金组织及高温持久性能的影响

研究了固溶热处理对一种Re含量为6.5%(质量分数)的第三代单晶高温合金组织及持久性能的影响,实验结果表明:合金铸态下存在明显的凝固偏析,枝晶间区域存在大量的(γ+γ′)共晶组织。固溶过程中,共晶组织在1 335℃以上开始快速溶解,但难熔元素,尤其是Re元素的偏析需要在1 360℃以上才能有明显改善;经过1 365℃固溶后疏松含量增加至0.21%(体积分数),接近铸态下疏松含量的5.2倍。铸态及经1 360℃和1 365℃固溶热处理后合金的持久性能测试结果显示:固溶热处理显著改善了合金的持久性能,且固溶温度越高,持久性能越高。在高温持久加载过程中,铸态合金的裂纹主要沿枝晶间分布,在(γ+γ′)共晶组织处萌生;当固溶温度较低时,且枝晶干处析出了较多的TCP(topologically close-packed)相,未能充分降低Re元素的偏析可能是导致枝晶干处TCP相大量析出的主要原因;当固溶温度较高时,TCP相析出量较少。     

先进高强韧Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金凝固和均匀化组织及相构成

采用热力学计算与实验相结合的方法,研究了两种高强韧Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金铸态及均匀化态的显微组织和相构成.铸态A合金主要由Mg(Zn,Al,Cu)2相和少量Al2Cu相组成,而铸态B合金仅含Mg(Zn,Al,Cu)2相.热力学计算显示,A和B两种合金的实际凝固过程介于Lever Rule和Scheil Model两种模拟结果之间,由于合金成分不同而导致的铸态A和B合金中各相含量差异与Scheil Model模拟所得到的各相摩尔分数变化规律基本一致.经常规工业均匀化处理(460℃保温24 h),铸态A和B合金中存在的Mg(Zn,Al,Cu)2或Al2Cu相均能充分回溶,并得到单相α(Al)基体,这与热力学计算所得到的AlZn-Mg-Cu四元系统在7.5%Zn条件下460℃等温相图相符合.     

Er在Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金中的存在形式及其均匀化工艺

采用扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射物相定性分析,研究元素Er在Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金中的存在形式及其均匀化工艺。研究结果表明:Er元素主要以Al8Cu4Er相形式存在于铸态合金晶界,少量固溶于-αAl中;Al8Cu4Er相作为Al2Cu相的形核质点,与Al2Cu相共生于晶界,形成典型的枝晶偏析;与Al2Cu相相比,Al8Cu4Er相为难溶相,使得合金均匀化温度升高,成为均匀化过程中工艺的制约因素;采用420℃×6 h+510℃×24 h+520℃×6 h均匀化制度处理后,Al8Cu4Er相回溶至基体,合金晶界变薄,均匀化效果明显。     

固溶处理对Al-Zn-Sn-Ga合金腐蚀行为的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱仪及投射电子显微镜分析了Al-Zn-Sn-Ga阳极合金铸态及固溶态的组织结构和成分差异,对比观察了试样合金点蚀微区在中性腐蚀环境下的发展行为,解释了固溶处理对合金腐蚀行为的影响。研究结果表明:固溶处理改善了合金中活化元素偏析现象,提高了组织均匀性,降低了第二相及晶界处的腐蚀速率,平衡了固溶试样各个维向的发展速率,获得了较为均匀的腐蚀形貌。     

2099铝锂合金微观组织及性能的演变

对2099铝锂合金微观组织及性能在热机加工过程中的演变进行研究。研究结果表明:枝晶粗大,晶界偏析严重的铸态合金经双级均匀化(510℃/12 h+530℃/36 h)处理后,树枝晶消失,晶界偏析基本消除,晶界上残余有少量的Al Cu Fe Mn/Al Cu Mn颗粒。均匀化后的铸锭在450℃进行热挤压,获得直径为16 mm的合金棒。合金经固溶处理后,平行于挤压方向上,中心区域形成强的{111}?112?织构和次强的{111}?110?织构,表层区域形成{112}?110?织构。中心区域的织构强度较表层的强。合金心部和表层硬度(HV)分别为95和120。在峰时效条件下,大量的T1和δ′相以及少量的θ′相在基体中析出。合金相应的抗拉强度,屈服强度和伸长率分别为613 MPa,597 MPa和7.9%。随着时效时间的延长,合金应力腐蚀敏感性降低。在过时效条件下,合金获得理想的抗应力腐蚀性能,强度损失率为5.5%。     

低频磁场对水平连铸2024铝合金微观组织的影响

研究了低频电磁水平连铸铝合金铸锭与普通水平连续铸造铝合金铸锭的铸态组织和宏观偏析情况.采用低频电磁水平连续铸造技术和普通水平连续铸造技术生产了2024变形铝合金铸锭,铸锭规格为40 mm×200 mm扁锭.对两种铸造方法得到的铝合金铸锭分别取样进行光学显微组织分析,并分别在横截面上取样进行化学分析.实验结果表明,低频电磁场可以显著地改善铸锭的微观组织,使铸锭的微观组织得到明显细化;低频电磁场还可以减少Cu元素在横截面上的宏观偏析,使Cu元素在横截面上的分布更加均匀.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-