2018年天文学热点回眸

 天文学是一门以观测为基础的学科，其发展主要依靠观测和数据的支持。基于SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System天文物理学数据系统中高被引文章并结合热点新闻报道，回顾了2018年天文学热点的进展和发现，以观测和基础研究、仪器研制及工具开发两大方面论述了2018年天文学研究热点。     

惯性导航系统水平阻尼网络的自适应控制

当海况变化较大时，惯性导航系统(INS)的误差振荡幅度较大．为了减小系统误差的振荡幅度，提出了一种新的设计思想，采用自适应控制方法，根据实际的海况变化情况，实时校正阻尼参数，使由舰船的机动性造成的系统误差最小．结果表明，与传统方法相比，水平误差角振荡幅度减小了约50％，速度误差振荡幅度减小了约30％．经度、纬度和航向误差振荡幅度也有明显改善；水平阻尼网络的自适应控制有效地改善了INS的动态性能．     

GFMIMU/GPS组合导航系统信息融合技术研究

GFMIMU/GPS(Gyroscope Free Micro Inertial Measurement Unit/Global Positioning System)组合导航系统具有抗高g值冲击、低成本、长寿命、较高精度等优点,在低成本精确制导武器和微小型无人机具有广阔的应用前景。针对工程应用中信息融合的精度和实时性两方面的要求,运用基于模型误差预测的扩展卡尔曼滤波MEP-EKF(Extended Kalman Filter base on Model Error Predictive)方法,将MEMS(Micro Electromechanical Systems)加速度计的误差作为模型误差来考虑,对GFMIMU/GPS组合导航系统进行建模仿真,将其与EKF和UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)方法进行了仿真比较,在方位误差角的估计上取得了比他们精度高的仿真结果,而且MEP-EKF所需时间是UKF的10%.     

临汾凹陷区主要活动断裂卫星影像分析

论述了活动断裂的一般影像特征，对临汾凹陷区主要活动断裂构造的卫星影像进行了分析，从而论证了应用卫星影像可以查明活动断裂的具体特征、力学性质及活动方式等，使人类进一步认识断裂构造的活动规律，将其所造成的自然灾害损失降至最低。     

Dynamic Characteristics of Inter-Satellite Links in LEO Networks

To establish an efficient inter-satellite link (ISL) in an LEO network, the effect of geometric characteristics of ISL on the ISLs and the devices on the LEO satellite should be examined. Because of the continuous movement of the LEO satellite, the time-varying behaviours of the ISL's geometric charactersistics continuously change with the changes of the satellite's position on the orbit. These dynamic geometric characteristics of the ISLs are important for ISL's performance analyzing and the design of the devices on the LEO satellite. This paper describes dynamic geometric characteristics of ISL, analyzes the impact of these regulations on the tracking system of the satellite's antenna and the power adjusting system of the satellite's transmitter, with the Iridium system as an example.     

听觉线索引导大鼠空间定位

运用Morris水迷宫实验模式,研究听觉线索在大鼠进行空间定位时的作用.结果显示:听觉线索引导组和对照组动物在4 d内寻找平台的时间和错误率均显著下降.但与对照组动物相比,听觉线索引导组动物寻找隐藏平台的时间和错误率均较低,2组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05).对动物的轨迹分析发现,听觉线索引导组和对照组动物在水池边缘区域分配的时间不同,提示2组动物寻找平台所用的策略不同.实验结果提示,大鼠能够利用单独的声音线索进行空间定位.     

同步卫星轨道平面倾斜效应的图示法

轨道偏离赤道平面的同步卫星,其星下点(或视位置)的口漂移轨迹址对称于静止位置的“8”字形。文献[1]给出的数学表达式对“8”字形轨迹的解释不直观,物理图象欠清晰。本文给出新的数学表达式,能用图示法形象直观地描绘出“8”字形轨迹,并简明地给出“8”字形的高度和宽度。     

Earthshaker: A mobile rescue robot for emergencies and disasters through teleoperation and autonomous navigation

To deal with emergencies and disasters without rescue workers being exposed to dangerous environments, this paper presents a mobile rescue robot, Earthshaker. As a combination of a tracked chassis and a six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm, as well as miscellaneous sensors and controllers, Earthshaker is capable of traversing diverse terrains and fulfilling dexterous manipulation. Specifically, Earthshaker has a unique swing arm—dozer blade structure that can help clear up cumbersome obstacles and stabilize the robot on stairs, a multimodal teleoperation system that can adapt to different transmission conditions, a depth camera-aided robotic arm and gripper that can realize semiautonomous manipulation and a LiDAR aided base that can achieve autonomous navigation in unknown areas. It was these special systems that supported Earthshaker to win the first Advanced Technology & Engineering Challenge (A-TEC) championships, standing out of 40 robots from the world and showing the efficacy of system integration and the advanced control philosophy behind it.     

日凌中断预测分析

本文阐述了太阳噪声干扰使通信广播卫星接收站信号中断的自然现象及规律,导出日凌中断与通信广播卫星定点及卫星接收站,位置关系的数学表示式。文中应用作者研究的“卫星电视接收网的系统分析”的计算机软件,预测卫星接收站信号发生日凌中断日期、时刻、持续天数和时间的部分计算实例。     

卫星遥感资料存档系统的研究

卫星遥感资料存档系统是３Ｓ系统研究领域之一,分析了由作者设计的存档分析试验系统的基本框架,数据结构,索引方式及查询方式,讨论了资料存档及常规处理方法的结合,对于图象,图形及属性数据显示采用了统一的处理过程。