四足机器人转向与斜向运动规划理论及方法

为实现四足机器人在平面上的稳定平顺的转向与斜向运动,提出了一种基于参数化坐标变换矩阵的规划方法. 通过D-H法建立了四足机器人的运动学模型,分别求得机器人机体坐标系在两种运动中的参数化坐标变换矩阵,并通过参数的调整来完成机器人运动的规划. 最后对四足机器人在平面上的转向与斜向运动进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,该方法能够实现四足机器人在平面上的连续、平稳的转向与斜向运动.      

Locomotion behavior and dynamics of geckos freely moving on the ceiling

To understand the mechanical interactions when geckos move on ceiling and to obtain an inspiration on the controlling strategy of gecko-like robot, we measured the ceiling reaction force (CRF) of freely moving geckos on ceiling substrate by a 3-dimensional force measuring array and simultaneously recorded the locomotion behaviors by a high speed camera. CRF and the preload force (F_P) generated by the geckos were obtained and the functions and the differences between forces generated by fore- and hind- feet were discussed. The results showed that the speed of gecko moving on the ceiling was 0.17–0.48 m/s, all of the fore- and hind-legs pulled toward the body center. When geckos attached on the ceiling incipiently, the feet generated a very small incipient F_P and this fine F_P could bring about enough adhesive normal force and tangential force to make the gecko moving on ceiling safely .The F_P of the fore-feet is larger than that of the hind-feet. The lateral CRF of the fore-feet is almost the same as that of the hind-feet’s. The fore-aft CRF generated by the fore-feet directed to the motion direction and drove their locomotion, but the force generated by the hind-feet directed against the motion direction. The normal CRF of fore- and hind-feet accounted for 73.4% and 60.6% of the body weight respectively. Measurements show that the fore-aft CRF is obviously lager than the lateral and normal CRF and plays a major role in promoting the fore-feet, while the hind-feet of the main role are to provide a smooth movement. The results indicate that due to the differences of the locomotion function of each foot between different surfaces, the gecko can freely move on ceiling surfaces, which inspires the structure designing, gait planning and control developing for gecko-like robot.     

虚拟维修中的虚拟人移动仿真

虚拟维修是近年来提出的一个新概念,并在维修性分析、维修训练等领域得到广泛的应用。为了解决维修过程仿真中的维修人员仿真问题,提出了一个分阶段的虚拟人移动仿真方法,采用随机运动规划方法生成虚拟人躯干及头部的无碰撞路径,利用运动捕获数据和运动变形来实现对四肢运动的仿真。在运动规划中引入了姿态转移图的概念,实现了虚拟人移动过程中多种姿势之间的自然转化。采用基于运动变形的方法消除了虚拟人上肢和环境中其他物体的碰撞现象,提高了仿真真实性。

Abstract：

Virtual maintenance is a new concept introduced in the last few years,and has been broadly used in maintainability analysis and maintenance training.In order to solve the virtual human simulation in maintenance process simulation,a multi-stage virtual human locomotion simulation method was proposed.The free collision path of virtual human torso and head was planned by a probabilistic motion planner.And the motion of arms and legs was simulated using motion captured data and motion warping.A new concept of pose transition graph was introduced in order to implement natural pose transition in locomotion simulation.In motion optimization,a method based on motion warping was proposed to avoid the possible collision between virtual human arms and other objects in the environment.     

基于运动相似性的仿人机器人上阶梯行走研究

提出了一种基于运动相似性的仿人机器人上阶梯行走设计方法.定义了人体与仿人机器人运动相似度,分析了时空协调特点及控制方法,从人体运动图像捕获与处理、相似性运动控制和约束与优化控制等方面提出了仿人机器人相似性动作规划系统;以仿人机器人相似性上阶梯行走为例,通过双腿支撑相与单腿支撑相划分了关键姿势与基本子相;同时,为解决固定的相似性运动轨迹难以满足可变环境的问题,根据实际阶梯参数设置了仿人机器人运动学约束、关节运动角度幅度约束以及零力矩点约束.实验结果表明该方法可以有效地实现仿人机器人相似性上阶梯行走.     

汽车空调管带式蒸发器模型参数数值模拟分析

在湿工况下对管带式蒸发器进行了制冷剂侧和空气侧性能实验,还利用模型进行了管带式蒸发器性能的研究.制冷剂侧的研究表明:管带式蒸发器管内参数分布极不均匀,采用传统的集中参数模型计算很不合理.空气侧通过研究百叶窗角度对换热和压降的影响,改进了原有的翅片结构.相比原翅片,改进后的翅片空气侧表面传热系数提高在21%以上,但压降仅增大不到4.5%.该模型不仅合理可靠,而且具有较高的准确度.研究结果对汽车空调厂商在设计同类型产品时具有一定参考价值.     

基于CATIA的管道清洁机器人设计与研究

针对管道内径为200mm-250mm的管道清洁机器人设计,提出了基于螺旋推进原理的管道机器人的设计方案,运用三维建模软件CATIA进行实体建模,并对自适应管道机器人的机械结构进行了设计与研究。同时,通过CATIA,Analysis对管道机器人关节薄弱处进行校核优化,用以提高机器人运行的可靠性及较好的完成工作目标。     

水黾仿生特性与工程应用研究进展

水黾是一种在湖泊、池塘、湿地中常见的小型昆虫,凭借其腿部具有微纳复合结构而呈现的超疏水特性可稳定站立在水面,受到普遍关注并逐步成为研究热点。已有学者对水黾运动特性开展研究,以期获取设计灵感用以研制功能优异的超疏水表面与功能完善的仿生水黾机器人。从水黾运动特性入手,综述了运动支撑力的测试方法,重点关注以水黾为仿生原型在工程仿生领域中超疏水表面制备、水上行走机器人和跳跃机器人研制的发展现状。超疏水表面的制备应从微形貌特征、制备工艺和生产成本等方面深入研究,仿生水黾机器人的研制需进一步考虑运动、驱动方式和支撑特性。基于水黾腿部微形貌结构特征研制超疏水功效显著且持久的超疏水表面,以及性能优异、功能完备、运动特性高度相似的仿生水黾机器人将是未来发展的主要趋势。     

Heritability of locomotor performance and its correlates in a natural population

Summary Locomotor capacities and their physiological bases are thought to be of considerable selective importance in natural populations. Within this functional complex, organismal performance traits (e.g., speed, stamina) are expected to be of more direct selective importance than their suborganismal determinants (e.g., heart size). Quantitative genetics theory predicts that traits of greater selective importance should generally have lower heritabilities at equilibrium. Contrary to these expectations, we report that organismal performance traits had the highest heritabilities in a natural population of garter snakes.     

改进的重标度极差法用于人体步态信号的动力学探测

作为人体输出生理信号之一的步态信号通常呈现一定的分形结构,具有明显的非线性特征,如何准确地探测到人体运动控制这一复杂生理系统的动力学特征具有重要的现实意义.本文通过一种改进的重标度极差法准确地捕捉到了不同自由行走速度下人体步态信号的动力学分形特征,而将原始步态时间间隔序列随机打乱顺序,获得的新序列则呈现出明显的随机性;通过与按节拍器产生的三种对应行走速率下的步态信号进行分析和比较后发现:正常健康人体输出的步态信号呈现出长程正相关性,而按节拍器节律获得的步态信号则长程正相关性减弱甚至消失,证明了人体运动控制系统调控输出步态信号的重要性.步态信号的动力学分形特性是健康人体的固有特征,具有很强的鲁棒性.缩短步态时间间隔序列长度后分析,该方法依然能够有效地探测到正常健康人体步态信号的动力学特征,并且算法简单可靠、运算快速、参数敏感、抗干扰能力强,研究结果对于人体运动控制系统的建模以及量化步态信号动力学的生理状态具有一定的应用价值.     

The behavior of the homozygous and heterozygous sub-types of rats which are genetically-selected for diabetes insipidus: A comparison with Long Evans and Wistar stocks

Several aspects of spontaneous and conditioned behavior (food and water intake, locomotion and emotionality, passive and active avoidance acquisition and retention) of standard (albino and pigmented) rats, and rats heterozygous (HEDI) and homozygous (HODI) for diabetes insipidus, are reviewed. As would be expected, HODI rats have been repeatedly found to consume far more fluid than either HEDI or control rats. Pigmented rats appear to be more active than albinos. HODI rats exhibit less marked emotional responses than do control rats, among which the pigmented ones exhibit the highest emotionality. Light aversion is more evident in albino than in pigmented rats. No differences are found among HEDI, HODI and normal Long Evans rats. It is quite difficult to provide a clear-cut statement concerning inter-strain differences in passive avoidance behavior, possibly because of the variety of techniques employed. In any case, HODI rats do not perform worse than normal controls do. In one-way active avoidance paradigms, pigmented rats perform better than albinos, and the performance of HODI rats does not differ from that of controls. In two-way avoidance paradigms, albinos appear to outperform pigmented rats. Once again, there are no obvious differences between HODI and control animals.In addition to indicating that HODI rats may actually be less emotional than the other groups of rats reviewed here, the studies described once again fail to confirm the previously alleged functions of vasopressin in memory consolidation.