微生物燃料电池修复钒污染地下水的响应曲面优化研究

使用响应曲面法, 对单室微生物燃料电池去除五价钒的运行条件进行分析和优化。采用乙酸钠作为单室微生物燃料电池的碳源, 探讨钒初始浓度、COD初始浓度和电解液电导率对五价钒去除率的影响, 三因素三水平的响应曲面分析结果表明, 五价钒初始浓度对五价钒去除率的影响最显著, 其次为 COD 初始浓度, 最后是电解液电导率。利用响应曲面法得到最优实验条件: 五价钒初始浓度为75.44 mg/L, COD初始浓度为1007.48 mg/L, 电导率为11.98 mS/cm, 此时可获得五价钒的最大理论去除率80.31%。验证实验的结果证实了该优化方法的可靠性。研究成果可以促进微生物燃料电池技术在治理钒污染地下水领域的实际应用。     

国外乏燃料后处理设施爆炸事故的经验教训

 爆炸事故是乏燃料后处理设施潜在事故的一种重要类型。为汲取国外发生的后处理设施爆炸事故的经验教训，对国外有记载的11起爆炸事故的原因和后果进行了统计分析，形成了对中国后处理设施爆炸事故的预防措施和缓解措施的经验反馈。经验反馈结果表明，后处理设施爆炸事故预防措施设计应关注：蒸发设备中进料TBP含量和酸度控制，避免溶解设备中意外放热反应发生，确保高放废液贮存设备冷却系统的有效性，避免硝酸类物质在贮存设备中意外蒸干以及避免人因失误；后处理设施爆炸事故缓解措施应关注：包容屏障的爆炸热荷载、爆炸力学荷载以及泄爆措施设计，高放废液应急冷却措施设计以及适宜的应急行动设计。     

全球核能科技前沿综述

 讨论了核能前沿科技领域所取得的科技研究与重要工程项目进展，重点介绍了核电建设与发展、小型模块堆技术、聚变反应堆、空间动力堆、事故容错燃料，数值反应堆等方面的研究及开发进展。在海、陆、空均有良好应用前景的小型反应堆，将在传统商用核电以外开辟核能利用的新天地。而先进燃料设计、高精度数值模拟等技术则是未来核能安全保障的重要发展方向。随着技术的进一步革新和技术路线的多样化，呈多元化发展态势的核能预期仍将在全球能源结构中占据重要地位。     

电动汽车替代燃油车的气候和健康影响及社会成本——基于单车视角的成本效益分析

构建基于能源周期和全生命周期的分析框架, 借助基于概率分布的成本效益分析方法, 通过评估单辆纯电动汽车替代汽油车的气候和健康影响及相关社会成本, 探讨现阶段电动汽车替代传统燃油车能否实现气候、健康和社会福利的改进。研究结果表明, 在现有技术条件和电厂超低排放改造背景下, 尽管电动汽车替代传统燃油车在能源周期能够实现碳减排(约324元/(辆^.年))、健康损害降低(约343元/(辆^.年))以及可观的能源节约(约4315元/(辆^.年)), 但由于两种车辆之间巨大的制造成本差异(约1.6万元/(辆^.年)), 现阶段电动汽车对传统燃油车的全面替代并不能实现社会总体福利的改进。因此, 中国电动汽车推广政策短期内不应以全面替代为目标, 而应识别具有较高气候和健康效益以及具有较大能源节约潜力的区域优先推广。     

沉积型微生物燃料电池对 模拟湖泊水中磷的去除

沉积型微生物燃料电池(SMFC)是借助于沉积物中具有电化学活性微生物的催化作用,氧化沉积物中有机物以获得电能的一种装置,它具有用于淡水水体的原位修复的潜力.以湖泊底泥为阳极底物,含磷模拟配水为阴极液,构建了SMFC系统,研究了其产电性能及其对水中总磷去除的影响.结果表明,构建的SMFC系统可成功产电,运行22 d后输出电压达到最大值0.28 V(外电阻为1 000Ω).稳定运行期间,底泥烧失量由4.42%降低至1.91%;底泥氧化还原电位显著提高,由初始的-254 m V上升至-183 m V;溶液p H由初始的6.02上升至7.34;水中总磷浓度由10 mg/L降低至0.13 mg/L,这可能与SMFC使底泥电位、p H升高有关.     

Key technologies for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems fueled impure hydrogen

Hydrogen energy and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells become concerned issues in recent years. Nevertheless, the construction of hydrogen refueling infrastructure and hydrogen storage and transportation constrains the commercial development of fuel cells. In this review, sources, production, storage, transportation, and purification methods of hydrogen are extensively reviewed and compared. The advantages of utilizing industrial by-product hydrogen and steam reforming gas in PEM fuel cell systems are analyzed. Using industrial wasted hydrogen can significantly reduce the cost of hydrogen. Also, it is indicated that the onboard hydrogen generation by steam methanol reforming can solve the difficulties of efficient storage and transportation of gaseous hydrogen, which means that methanol has great potential to be a convenient carrier of hydrogen. The effects of impurities contained in the reformate gas are generally introduced. After the methanol steam reforming and pretreatment purification processes, the reformate gas can be fed to PEM fuel cells. Thus, a fuel cell system integrated with onboard hydrogen production and impure hydrogen treatment subsystems is introduced, and key technologies therein for pretreatment purification and in-situ poisoning mitigation methods are reviewed. Finally, suggestions are proposed for further studies.     

Janus few layered graphene with asymmetric wettability as anti-flooding cathode supports in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Water balance in cathode catalyst layer (CCL) is crucial for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we report a novel strategy to develop a Janus few layered graphene particles (FLGP) with asymmetric wettability by varying the carbon precursors in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Using the Janus FLGP supported Pt with asymmetric wettability as the cathode of a PEMFC, a peak power density of 632 mW cm⁻² was achieved, which was about two-folds of the hydrophobic FLGP and three-folds of hydrophilic FLGP based cathode, respectively. The enhanced performance could be ascribed to the well-constructed three-phase boundary in an anti-flooding cathode, leading to enlarged electrochemical active surface area and facilitated mass transfer. This work may provide new clues for improving water management in PEMFCs.     

Patterning the neuronal cells via inkjet printing of self-assembled peptides on silk scaffolds

The patterning of neuronal cells and guiding neurite growth are important for neuron tissue engineering and cell-based biosensors. In this paper, inkjet printing has been employed to pattern self-assembled I₃QGK peptide nanofibers on silk substrates for guiding the growth of neuron-like PC12 cells. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the dynamic self-assembly of I₃QGK into nanofiber structures. The printed self-assembled peptide strongly adheres to regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) substrates through charge-charge interactions. It was observed that in the absence of I₃QGK, PC12 cells exhibited poor attachment to RSF films, while for RSF surfaces coated or printed with peptide nanofibers, cellular attachment was significantly improved in terms of both cell density and morphology. AFM results revealed that peptide nanofibers can promote the generation of axons and terminal buttons of PC12 cells, indicating that I₃QGK nanofibers not only promote cellular attachment but also facilitate differentiation into neuronal phenotypes. Inkjet printing allows complex patterning of peptide nanofibers onto RSF substrates, which enabled us to engineer cell alignment and provide an opportunity to direct axonal development in vitro. The live/dead assay showed that printed I₃QGK patterns exhibit no cytotoxicity to PC12 cells demonstrating potential for future nerve tissue engineering applications.     

Carbon-free nanoporous gold based membrane electrocatalysts for fuel cells

Nanoporous gold (NPG) membranes made by dealloying consist of a bicontinuous network of Au ligaments and open pore channels, which have gained considerable attention as a platform for the design of carbon-free electrodes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Benefiting from a unique combination of high electronic conductivity, high surface area, and modifiable surface chemistry, these self-supporting membrane type electrodes allow integration of various structural functions required for specific electrode reactions and simultaneously facilitate the entire fuel cell kinetic process. In this review, we summarize the major research progresses in this area, with an emphasis on how to customize the surface structures of these three-dimensional electrocatalysts for desired fuel molecule oxidation and oxidant reduction. We will also discuss these designed structural characteristics that can be readily accommodated in membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), thus effectively bridging the technological gap between electrocatalysts’ intrinsic activities and their actual performances in fuel cells.     

基于K均值和支持向量机的燃料电池在线自适应故障诊断

基于K均值(K-means)和支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)算法,提出了一种车用燃料电池系统(fuel cell system, FCS)在线自适应故障诊断方法.该方法通过不断获取系统最新单体电压,采用K-means算法改进传统的静态SVM分类器模型,对实时获取的信息进行聚类,实现分类器的在线自适应调节.采用已发表文献中的实验数据进行了相关的验证分析,结果表明,提出的方法能有效地在线调节故障分类器,实现FCS系统特性发生改变后的故障检测.