Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors

1 Results Owing to its electrochemical stability, catalytic activity and high electrical conductivity, ruthenium-based oxides have been realized in electrochemistry as excellent electrode materials with applications ranging from electrocatalysts for industrial electrolysis to high power energy storage. Recent studies have suggested that RuOx may have an active role in electrocatalysts for fuel cells.We have been engaged in the fundamental and practical study of nanostructured RuO2-based electrodes[1-5]....     

电极添加剂Nanfion乳液对离子膜燃料电池放电性能的影响

离子交换膜燃料电池作为一种理想的氢能发电装置 ,是目前氢能研究开发的热点。用实验方法研究了电极添加剂Nafion乳液对离子交换膜燃料电池电化学性能的影响。实验结果表明 ,在电极中加入适量的Nafion乳液可以显著地提高电极的电催化反应活性。当电极中Nafion乳液的含量为 3%～ 5 %时 ,燃料电池的放电电压和电流密度都处于高峰值状态。实验结果还发现 ,用不同方法配制的Nafion乳液对燃料电池放电性能的影响也有一定的差异     

Pt nanocrystals electrodeposited on reduced graphene oxide/carbon fiber paper with efficient electrocatalytic properties

Carbon fiber paper(CFP) wrapped with reduced graphene oxide(rGO) film as the composite support(rGO/CFP) of Pt catalysts was studied. It was found that rGO could affect the size and morphology of Pt nanocrystals(NCs). Concave nanocubes(CNC) Pt NCs~ 20 nm were uniformly electrodeposited on high reduced HrGO/CFP while irregular Pt NCs~62 nm were loaded on low reduced LrGO. Compared with Pt-LrGO/CFP and Pt-MrGO/CFP, the CNC Pt-HrGO/CFP exhibited a higher electrochemically active surface area(121.7 m~2 g~(-1)), as well as enhanced electrooxidation activity of methanol(499 mA mg~(-1)) and formic acid(950 mA mg~(-1)). The results further demonstrated that the CNC Pt-HrGO/CFP could serve as the gas diffusion electrode in fuel cells and yielded a satisfactory performance(1855 mW mg~(-1)). The work can provide an attractive perspective on the convenient preparation of the novel gas diffusion electrode for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.     

Synthesis and characterization of Pt-MoOx-TiO2 electrodes for direct ethanol fuel cells

To enhance the CO-tolerance performance of anode catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells,carbon nanotubes were modified by titanium dioxide (donated as CNTs@TiO2) and subsequently served as the support for the preparation of Pt/CNTs@TiO2 and Pt-Mo/CNTs@TiO2 electrocatalysts via a UV-photoreduction method.The physicochemical characterizations of the catalysts were carried out by using X-ray diffraction (XRD),transmission electron microscopy (TEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),and infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed probe ammonia molecules.The electrocatalytic properties of the catalysts for methanol oxidation were investigated by the cyclic voltammetry technique.The results show that Pt-Mo/CNTs@TiO2 electrode exhibits the highest performance in all the electrodes.It is explained that,the structure,the oxidation states,and the acid-base properties of the catalysts are influenced due to the strong interaction between Ti and Mo species by adding TiO2 and MoOx to the Pt-based catalysts.     

光合细菌燃料电池的开路电位法研究

随着能源危机的严重,新能源的开发与探索成为了人们关注的热点。其中微生物燃料电池作为生物质能的一个重要代表也获得了广泛的关注。通过使用硫酸铁铵和硫酸亚铁铵制备的磁流体来吸附微生物,使得微生物与电极接触更好,将微生物聚集在电极表面增大微生物的密度,增大电极的产电性能。选用开路电位法来研究微生物燃料电池的产电性能,是在无电场干扰的纯自然条件下对电池的产电性能的检测和表征,使得微生物能正常的进行生理代谢而不会受到伤害。研究的微生物燃料电池的开路电位高达1.44V,而且在检测的100min内比较稳定。     

高温质子交换膜燃料电池催化层孔尺度模拟

为了研究磷酸在高温质子交换膜燃料电池催化层中再分布对电极性能的影响,使用聚焦离子束电子扫描显微镜对自制的扩散电极成像,重构得到了三维的催化层几何模型;采用多弛豫时间格子玻尔兹曼模型对磷酸在催化层的迁移行为进行仿真,模拟得到递减型和准均匀型2种不同的磷酸分布形式;采用孔尺度模型求解不同条件下的电极传输性质。结果表明在磷酸含量较低时,准均匀型的磷酸分布具有稍优的电化学活性表面积和稍差的氧气和水蒸气有效扩散系数;在磷酸含量较高时,2种分布的电化学活性表面积相似,但是准均匀型分布具有更好的氧气和水蒸气有效扩散系数。     

Oxidation and adsorption of Co at Pt−Au-SPE electrodes

Pt−Au-SPE electrodes made by the successive chemical deposition of Au and Pt on Nafion membranes were tested and compared with the single metal-SPE electrodes for surface oxidation, CO adsorption and oxidation. Part of the surface of the binary metal electrodes behaves differently from either Au or Pt single metal-SPE electrode for CO_ads oxidation, revealing surface modulation effects in the binary metal electrode. However, these mudulated surfaces have no appreciable contribution to the electrode activity for CO oxidation. The electrode activity for CO oxidation is mainly governed by the total Pt surface area of the binary electrodes. The predeposited Au was found to be favorable for higher dispersion of the successively deposited Pt. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Biography: YANG Jing (1972-), female, Lecturer, Wuhan University of Technology.     

铂含量对铂炭复合电极电化学参数的影响

以乙炔黑为载体 ,用化学吸附还原法制备了不同铂含量的铂炭复合电极 ,采用恒电位法测定出这些铂炭复合电极的阴极过电势 η随极化电流密度j的变化关系曲线 (阴极极化曲线 )。在此基础上求出了铂炭复合电极的交换电流密度、塔菲尔常数和对称系数等有关电化学参数。实验结果表明 ,在一定范围内 ,随着铂炭复合电极中铂含量的增加 ,其交换电流密度也随之增大。这表明在此范围内 ,随着电极中铂含量的增加 ,铂炭复合电极传输氧化还原反应电流的能力逐渐增强。因此 ,将铂炭复合材料作为离子膜燃料电池电极材料时 ,铂含量高的铂炭复合电极更有利于电化学反应的进行。实验结果还表明 ,铂炭复合电极中的铂含量对电极反应过程中的塔菲尔常数和对称系数都有一定的影响 ,随着复合电极中铂含量的增加 ,电极反应过程中的塔菲尔常数和对称系数也发生规律性的变化     

Catalytic performance of nano-hybrid graphene and titanium dioxide modified cathodes fabricated with facile and green technique in microbial fuel cell

Finite resources of the world''s fossil fuel give rise to the irresistible urge to explore alternative renewable energy routes such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The limited productivity is one of the main obstacles for MFC scalability. In this study, a dual-chamber MFC was assembled and equipped with fabricated modified cathodes with titanium dioxide (TiO2) or hybrid graphene (HG) which mainly improved the catalytic activity of the cathode. The graphite paste (GP) bare electrode was modified by both nanomaterials using a green and facile technique. The results showed that the modified cathodes resulted in a considerable improvement for the MFC performance, i.e., the power density reaching levels of 80 mW/m2 for GP-TiO2 and 220 mW/m2 for GP-HG compared to 30 mW/m2 for GP electrode. Additionally, the modified electrodes exhibited lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) compared to the bare electrode. Therefore, these modified electrodes, fabricated by an eco-friendly method, could be used as alternatives to the precious expensive metals like Pt.     

Three-dimensional ordered macroporous platinum-based electrode for methanol oxidation

The attractive application of the direct oxidation methanol fuel cell (DMFC) in wide application areas, such as portable energy and stationary power suppliers, stimulates researchers to search for optimal anodic electrocatalysts for the oxidation of methanol. In prac- tical performance, the catalysts are generally dispersed as nanoparticles for conducting supports with high sur- face area for obtaining maximum catalyst utilization. Porous carbon is one of the well-known supports for the dispe…     

基于3d过渡金属的氧电极材料研究进展

氧还原催化剂及缓慢的阴极氧还原动力学是制约低温燃料电池商业化的关键瓶颈因素之一.非贵金属氧还原催化剂是近年来低温燃料电池最受关注的研究热点之一.在简要介绍燃料电池及氧还原反应机理的基础上,详细地综述了近年来低温燃料电池用3d过渡金属基氧还原催化剂的主要研究进展,包括过渡金属大环化合物、过渡金属-氮/碳类化合物、过渡金属硫族化合物和过渡金属氧化物,总结了提高催化活性和稳定性、降低催化剂制备成本以及催化剂制备工艺等方面所取得的研究结果,并指出了各类催化剂目前尚待解决的问题和发展方向.     

电化学催化中的表面微观结构与特殊反应性能

综述以C1分子的电催化氧化或还原作为探针反应,对电催化剂表面微观结构与性能的内在联系和规律进行研究的结果。从研制不同原子排列结构的金属单晶电极的模型电极的模型电催化研究,到研制不同纳米材料的载体电催化剂的应用研究,不仅对C1分子反应的机理和动力学规律获得了深入认识,而且对电催化表面原子排列结构及修饰,纳米结构特征及其所引起的特殊电催化性能和异常红外效应等取得了一系列创新的研究结果,推动了相关理论和应用的进展。     

碳化细菌纤维素在钙钛矿太阳能电池对电极中的研究

在高效的钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)中，通常采用贵金属对电极(Au、Ag)和昂贵的空穴传输材料(HTM)，导致了高成本和不稳定等问题.该研究使用稳定的无HTM的CsPbBr3纯无机钙钛矿的PSCs，将结构优异的天然纳米生物材料细菌纤维素(BC)经过高温碳化得到具有纳米精细结构、大表面积和孔容的多介孔碳化细菌纤维素(CBC)材料，对该材料进行SEM、XRD、FT-IR、比表面积、电导率测试以证实该材料在PSCs上的应用潜质.根据PSCs对电极的应用需要，将CBC及其与商业导电碳浆(CS)混合物作为PSCs对电极材料，通过J-V、IPCE等测试，发现纯CBC材料的电池效率高于纯CS，在作为PSCs对电极方面具有很大的潜力.该研究不仅扩大了生物质碳材料的应用领域，而且有望将CBC作为低成本稳定高效PSCs对电极材料.     

多孔镍阴极在碱性介质中释氢性能的研究

本文研究了用电镀法制备的各种多孔镍电极的镍锌含量、lg|i|、电极表面积及其在碱性介质中释氢过电位之间的关系。实验结果表明,用电镀法制得的多孔镍电极释氢过电位明显降低(>200mV),塔菲尔参数a、b值约为平滑镍电极的1/2,电极表面涂层是分散均匀的多晶微粒。     

Synthesis and characterization of Pt-MoO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> electrodes for direct ethanol fuel cells

To enhance the CO-tolerance performance of anode catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells, carbon nanotubes were modified by titanium dioxide (donated as CNTs@TiO₂) and subsequently served as the support for the preparation of Pt/CNTs@TiO₂ and Pt-Mo/CNTs@TiO₂ electrocatalysts via a UV-photoreduction method. The physicochemical characterizations of the catalysts were carried out by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed probe ammonia molecules. The electrocatalytic properties of the catalysts for methanol oxidation were investigated by the cyclic voltammetry technique. The results show that Pt-Mo/CNTs@TiO₂ electrode exhibits the highest performance in all the electrodes. It is explained that, the structure, the oxidation states, and the acid-base properties of the catalysts are influenced due to the strong interaction between Ti and Mo species by adding TiO₂ and MoO _x to the Pt-based catalysts.     

(Ni-Mo)-WC电极在碱性介质中的电催化析氢性能

从电极析氢反应的动力学参数、真实交换电流密度、标准活化自由能及电化学稳定性等方面研究了（Ni-Mo）-WC电极在碱性介质中的电催化析氢性能。实验结果表明，复合电极的电催化析氢性能高于基质合金电极，这主要归因于此表面积的增加。     

用EIS研究PEMFC膜电极的运行条件对其性能的影响

在质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）中，采用电化学阻抗谱（EIS）研究了膜电极（MEA）的一些运行条件对其工作性能的影响，并探讨了其作用机理．通过测量数据的解析和等效电路的数学模拟，得到了与MEA结构关联的电极诸参数随电池温度和反应气体压力的变化规律．研究表明，MEA的氧电极的电化学反应电阻随电池温度的升高显著减小，氧电极的双电层电容随电池温度的升高有所增加，表明电极有效面积得以增加，有利于MEA工作性能的提高．     

质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极再发电性能的研究

对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)膜电极(MEA)的二次发电性能进行了研究.由单电池的电性能测试表明,二次使用时MEA的开路电压下降5.0%,最大电流密度和最大功率均降低约50.0%.SEM的测试结果显示,二次使用的MEA的表面有催化层脱落现象,减少了电极的活性反应区域,降低了其发电性能.     

二氧化铅/石墨烯电极的制备及其电化学性能

采用沉淀结合法,制备二氧化铅/石墨烯(β-PbO₂/rGO)复合材料.通过X-射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、场发射电子扫描显微镜(FESEM)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和比表面积分析仪研究该复合材料的结构、形貌和比表面积,利用电化学测试技术研究β-PbO₂/rGO复合电极和纯β-PbO₂电极的电化学性能.结果表明:在复合材料中,纳米β-PbO₂较均匀地分散在rGO片表面,β-PbO₂/rGO复合材料比纯β-PbO₂具有更大的比表面积;复合电极因具有更多的反应活性位点,电化学反应速度较快;在不同的电流密度下,β-PbO₂/rGO电极的质量比容量比纯β-PbO₂电极高,证明复合电极具有比纯β-PbO₂电极更好的电化学性能.     

质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极的关键技术

 膜电极是多相物质传输和电化学反应场所,决定着燃料电池的性能、寿命及成本。本文分析膜电极当前技术现状与商业化目标,梳理膜电极分类及经过梯度化膜电极向有序化膜电极发展的技术脉络,介绍近年来超低Pt载量的第三代膜电极-有序化膜电极的新进展,比较各种有序化膜电极制备方法的优缺点。目前有序化膜电极在铂族元素总载量为0.118 mg/cm²下取得的最好性能为861 mW/cm²@0.692 V,0.137 g/kW,成本降至5美元/kW,Q/ΔT值从2013年的1.9下降到1.45。从降低Pt用量及简化燃料电池发电系统、降低系统成本的角度看,自增湿有序化膜电极是未来膜电极开发的重要方向。