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91.
Approval of a project the size of the Large Hadron Collider is an exercise in politics and high finance. 相似文献
92.
Scally A Dutheil JY Hillier LW Jordan GE Goodhead I Herrero J Hobolth A Lappalainen T Mailund T Marques-Bonet T McCarthy S Montgomery SH Schwalie PC Tang YA Ward MC Xue Y Yngvadottir B Alkan C Andersen LN Ayub Q Ball EV Beal K Bradley BJ Chen Y Clee CM Fitzgerald S Graves TA Gu Y Heath P Heger A Karakoc E Kolb-Kokocinski A Laird GK Lunter G Meader S Mort M Mullikin JC Munch K O'Connor TD Phillips AD Prado-Martinez J Rogers AS Sajjadian S Schmidt D Shaw K Simpson JT Stenson PD Turner DJ 《Nature》2012,483(7388):169-175
Gorillas are humans' closest living relatives after chimpanzees, and are of comparable importance for the study of human origins and evolution. Here we present the assembly and analysis of a genome sequence for the western lowland gorilla, and compare the whole genomes of all extant great ape genera. We propose a synthesis of genetic and fossil evidence consistent with placing the human-chimpanzee and human-chimpanzee-gorilla speciation events at approximately 6 and 10 million years ago. In 30% of the genome, gorilla is closer to human or chimpanzee than the latter are to each other; this is rarer around coding genes, indicating pervasive selection throughout great ape evolution, and has functional consequences in gene expression. A comparison of protein coding genes reveals approximately 500 genes showing accelerated evolution on each of the gorilla, human and chimpanzee lineages, and evidence for parallel acceleration, particularly of genes involved in hearing. We also compare the western and eastern gorilla species, estimating an average sequence divergence time 1.75 million years ago, but with evidence for more recent genetic exchange and a population bottleneck in the eastern species. The use of the genome sequence in these and future analyses will promote a deeper understanding of great ape biology and evolution. 相似文献
93.
Jones FC Grabherr MG Chan YF Russell P Mauceli E Johnson J Swofford R Pirun M Zody MC White S Birney E Searle S Schmutz J Grimwood J Dickson MC Myers RM Miller CT Summers BR Knecht AK Brady SD Zhang H Pollen AA Howes T Amemiya C;Broad Institute Genome Sequencing Platform & Whole Genome Assembly Team Baldwin J Bloom T Jaffe DB Nicol R Wilkinson J Lander ES Di Palma F Lindblad-Toh K Kingsley DM 《Nature》2012,484(7392):55-61
Marine stickleback fish have colonized and adapted to thousands of streams and lakes formed since the last ice age, providing an exceptional opportunity to characterize genomic mechanisms underlying repeated ecological adaptation in nature. Here we develop a high-quality reference genome assembly for threespine sticklebacks. By sequencing the genomes of twenty additional individuals from a global set of marine and freshwater populations, we identify a genome-wide set of loci that are consistently associated with marine-freshwater divergence. Our results indicate that reuse of globally shared standing genetic variation, including chromosomal inversions, has an important role in repeated evolution of distinct marine and freshwater sticklebacks, and in the maintenance of divergent ecotypes during early stages of reproductive isolation. Both coding and regulatory changes occur in the set of loci underlying marine-freshwater evolution, but regulatory changes appear to predominate in this well known example of repeated adaptive evolution in nature. 相似文献
94.
95.
This article uses a recently proposed measure, the overall replacement ratio or ORR, to assess the extent to which migration alters intergenerational replacement within the United Kingdom. The UK as a whole can be seen to experience 'replacement migration' as immigration compensates for fertility below the replacement level. However, the article shows that the impact of migration differs radically in the different regions of the country. South East England experiences very substantial immigration from both the rest of the UK and overseas, far more than is needed for intergenerational replacement, whereas most of the rest of the UK sees little or no net immigration and the ORR remains below the replacement level. 相似文献
96.
Chris Brooks 《Journal of forecasting》1998,17(1):59-80
This paper explores a number of statistical models for predicting the daily stock return volatility of an aggregate of all stocks traded on the NYSE. An application of linear and non-linear Granger causality tests highlights evidence of bidirectional causality, although the relationship is stronger from volatility to volume than the other way around. The out-of-sample forecasting performance of various linear, GARCH, EGARCH, GJR and neural network models of volatility are evaluated and compared. The models are also augmented by the addition of a measure of lagged volume to form more general ex-ante forecasting models. The results indicate that augmenting models of volatility with measures of lagged volume leads only to very modest improvements, if any, in forecasting performance. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
97.
Chris Brooks 《Journal of forecasting》2001,20(2):135-143
This paper combines and generalizes a number of recent time series models of daily exchange rate series by using a SETAR model which also allows the variance equation of a GARCH specification for the error terms to be drawn from more than one regime. An application of the model to the French Franc/Deutschmark exchange rate demonstrates that out‐of‐sample forecasts for the exchange rate volatility are also improved when the restriction that the data it is drawn from a single regime is removed. This result highlights the importance of considering both types of regime shift (i.e. thresholds in variance as well as in mean) when analysing financial time series. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
98.
The milliped genus Narceus Rafinesque, 1820 (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae) occupies parts or all of 2 Canadian provinces, Québec and Ontario; every U.S. state east of the Mississippi River; and 9 states to the west including Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Records are detailed for the "western" states and New England and include the first from Minnesota, Connecticut, Delaware, and Maine; occurrence is projected for southeastern Minnesota and the Delmarva Peninsula. The genus presently comprises 2 valid species that are endemic to Florida— N. gordanus (Chamberlin, 1943) and N. woodruffi Causey, 1959—and 2 of uncertain status that occur throughout the generic range and are referenced as the " N. americanus/annularis complex"; geographic evidence suggests greater diversity, particularly in the south, and a 2nd generic revision is in order to update the existing one by Keeton (1960). Records cluster within a large, semicontinuous area whose northern, southern, and western range extremes, respectively, are Saint-Nicolas, Lévis Census Division, Québec; Key West, Monroe County, Florida, and northeastern Duval County and Rockport, Aransas County, Texas; and Garner State Park, Uvalde County, Texas. The eastern limit is the Atlantic Ocean, and records are available from Cape Cod and Tuckernuck Island, Massachusetts; Long Island, New York; Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; and James Island, South Carolina. The projected western boundary, based on peripheral localities, angles southwestward from Omaha, Nebraska, to Uvalde County; and the northern boundary passes through central Iowa and Wisconsin (encompassing the Door Peninsula) and the southern periphery of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The lone Minnesota locality, from Lyon County in the southwest, lies substantially north of the projected border in Iowa and well west of the expected area of occurrence in southeastern Minnesota. The northernmost record west of the Mississippi River, it may represent an allopatric population that extends westward into eastern South Dakota. 相似文献
99.
Integrated genomic approaches implicate osteoglycin (Ogn) in the regulation of left ventricular mass
100.
Todd JA Walker NM Cooper JD Smyth DJ Downes K Plagnol V Bailey R Nejentsev S Field SF Payne F Lowe CE Szeszko JS Hafler JP Zeitels L Yang JH Vella A Nutland S Stevens HE Schuilenburg H Coleman G Maisuria M Meadows W Smink LJ Healy B Burren OS Lam AA Ovington NR Allen J Adlem E Leung HT Wallace C Howson JM Guja C Ionescu-Tîrgovişte C;Genetics of Type Diabetes in Finland Simmonds MJ Heward JM Gough SC;Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Dunger DB Wicker LS Clayton DG 《Nature genetics》2007,39(7):857-864
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) primary genome-wide association (GWA) scan on seven diseases, including the multifactorial autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (T1D), shows associations at P < 5 x 10(-7) between T1D and six chromosome regions: 12q24, 12q13, 16p13, 18p11, 12p13 and 4q27. Here, we attempted to validate these and six other top findings in 4,000 individuals with T1D, 5,000 controls and 2,997 family trios independent of the WTCCC study. We confirmed unequivocally the associations of 12q24, 12q13, 16p13 and 18p11 (P(follow-up) 相似文献