热处理温度对炭/炭复合材料性能的影响

对同一种炭/炭复合材料,经过不同温度的最终热处理后的微观结构、石墨化度和抗弯强度进行了对比研究.研究结果表明:随着最终热处理温度的升高,在偏振光下,易石墨化的热解炭光学活性增强,而难石墨化的热解炭微观结构几乎没有变化;炭/炭复合材料的晶粒逐渐长大,层面间距逐渐缩小,石墨化度有较大幅度的提高;同时,由于基体炭与炭纤维的热膨胀系数存在差别,随着热处理温度的升高,基体与增强纤维的的结合强度降低,使炭/炭复合材料的抗弯强度降低,但材料的应变性增强,材料的断裂形式由脆断转为假塑性断裂.     

各向同性煤沥青制备炭/石墨纤维的研究

以各向同性煤沥青为原料,采用熔融纺丝工艺制备了直径为55μm的沥青纤维,经预氧化、炭化和石墨化处理后得到炭纤维和石墨纤维,并采用偏光显微镜、XRD和SEM等对其形貌、结构和性能进行表征。结果表明,炭/石墨纤维具有与沥青原料相似的各向同性光学结构;随热处理温度升高,炭/石墨纤维截面逐渐变粗糙,且内部石墨微晶逐步发育并长大,3 000℃下石墨化纤维微晶增大较明显,其堆积高度和平面尺寸分别约为5nm和11nm;1 600℃炭化纤维的力学性能较好,其拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别达到0.57GPa和32.19GPa,进一步提高热处理温度,纤维拉伸强度逐步降低,但是其杨氏模量逐渐增加,3 000℃石墨化纤维的拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别为0.26GPa和40.57GPa;炭/石墨纤维室温轴向电阻率随热处理温度的升高而降低,1 000℃炭化纤维室温轴向电阻率为47.78μΩ.m,3 000℃石墨化纤维室温轴向电阻率降至21.98μΩ.m。     

3种煤沥青炭微观结构及其性能的对比研究

将高温煤沥青、中温煤沥青、浸渍剂沥青在常压下炭化,经2 300 ℃石墨化处理,制备3种煤沥青炭.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察煤沥青炭的显微结构;采用X射线衍射法(XRD)检测煤沥青炭的石墨化度;通过氮吸附法测定煤沥青炭的比表面积(SBET);采用热重(TG/DTG)分析手段测试并分析煤沥青炭的氧化性能.研究结果表明:煤沥青的族组分影响煤沥青炭的形貌,喹啉不溶物含量低有利于流线型结构的形成;高温煤沥青炭微观结构主要以流线型和镶嵌型为主,中温煤沥青炭和浸渍剂沥青炭以流线型为主,但浸渍剂沥青炭流线型结构取向性好;煤沥青炭中含有流线型结构越多,则其石墨化度越高,比表面积越低;煤沥青炭的氧化失重主要发生在700～900 ℃,浸渍剂沥青炭的抗氧化性能最好.     

中温沥青炭的催化石墨化

将质量分数为0.05的H3BO3、BN、B4C粉末添加到中温沥青熔体中,经固化、炭化、2 300℃石墨化处理后,以XRD表征炭的结构,探讨了硼的不同化合物对沥青炭的催化石墨化效率,并分析其机理.结果表明,三种催化剂均能不同程度地提高沥青炭的石墨化度.其中,以B4C为最佳,能够得到100%的石墨结构;BN次之,提升石墨化幅度为28%;H3BO3最差,仅7.5%.硼的摩尔分数决定硼化合物催化作用的效率.     

镧对呋喃树脂炭的催化石墨化

报道了镧对呋喃树脂炭的催化石墨化.把氯化镧均匀分散在呋喃树脂中,然后在180℃左右固化,600℃炭化;最后将含有镧的呋喃树脂炭于不同温度下进行热处理.采用X射线衍射分析仪考察镧对呋喃树脂炭的催化石墨化效果,通过Scherrer和Bragg方程分别计算石墨表观微晶尺寸(Lc)和(002)面的层间距(d002);采用扫描电子显微镜观察炭材料的形貌变化.结果表明镧对呋喃树脂炭具有明显的催化石墨化作用;呋喃树脂炭的石墨化度随镧含量的增加而增加,并随热处理温度的升高有明显变化.在2 400℃时,石墨化效果最好,最小d002值为0.336 0nm,相应的石墨化度为93%.炭的催化石墨化机理遵循碳化物分解和碳的熔解析出机理.     

热解炭结构对炭/炭复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过控制化学气相沉积工艺条件,得到粗糙层、光滑层、过渡结构、各向同性等几种具有不同微观结构的热解炭.通过金相观察、石墨化度、摩擦磨损性能的测试,得出:热解炭的微观结构对炭/炭复合材料的摩擦磨损性能有较大影响;制动过程中形成的薄膜使摩擦因数降低;粗糙层结构的炭/炭复合材料石墨化程度高,摩擦因数高,线型平稳,且随着压力的增加,其力矩上升明显,是一种优良的摩擦材料;光滑层结构的炭/炭复合材料石墨化度低,摩擦因数低,磨损小.     

磷酸改性水溶性酚醛树脂的成炭性能

以甲醛和苯酚为原料,氢氧化钡为催化剂,制备一种低游离酚的水溶性酚醛树脂.对水溶性酚醛树脂及磷酸改性的水溶性酚醛树脂的结构和成炭机理进行研究,同时探讨甲醛与苯酚的比例和反应时间对树脂残炭率的影响.研究结果表明,水溶性酚醛树脂在800 ℃下的残炭率为55.0%,而磷酸改性后树脂的残炭率可以达到66.7%.原因可能是磷酸进入树脂中提高了树脂的芳香性,降低了树脂在高温下的分解量,从而提高了水溶性酚醛树脂的残炭率.     

聚丙烯腈基炭纤维的组织结构及力学性能

在不同温度下对聚丙烯腈基炭纤维(PAN-CF)进行张力炭化处理并进行高温石墨化.研究结果表明:在炭化过程中,PAN-CF的拉伸强度在1400℃时达最大值,拉伸模量则随炭化温度的升高而增大;与炭化样品相比,PAN-CF石墨化后的拉伸强度减小,拉伸模量增大;随着炭化温度的升高,微晶c轴方向堆叠厚度Lc增大,层面间距d002减小; 炭化温度为1400℃时,PAN-CF在石墨化后,内部的炭颗粒排列得非常紧密,并且孔洞、裂纹、皮芯结构等缺陷很少;当炭化温度高于1400℃时,石墨化后PAN-CF内部有大量缺陷,使PAN-CF的拉伸强度大大降低.     

炭负极材料的炭化制备工艺对锂离子电池充电放电性能的影响

以Ni2 改性的聚苯乙烯阳离子交换树脂和聚苯胺树脂为炭化预聚体 ,制备出了锂离子电池炭负极材料 ,考察了炭化制备工艺对炭负极材料充电放电性能的影响。实验结果表明 ,采用Ni2 改性的聚苯乙烯阳离子交换树脂和聚苯胺树脂制备锂离子电池炭负极材料时 ,炭化处理温度并不是越高越好 ,而是在一定温度范围内 ,低温处理样品的充电放电容量反而比高温处理样品的要高 ;在还原性气氛中炭化处理样品的充电放电容量明显高于惰性气氛中炭化处理的样品。实验数据还表明 ,在相同处理条件下 ,树脂炭化产物的粒度越小 ,制备出的锂离子电池炭负极材料的充电放电容量就越大     

纤维素在炭化和活化过程中的结构变化

以纤维素为原料,通过在氮气氛下炭化和水蒸气活化得到纤维素基炭.采用热分析、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射及低温N2吸附测试手段研究了纤维素的炭化和活化过程以及过程中炭微晶结构和比表面积的变化.纤维素分子结构中的C—OH、C—O—C、C—H等基团在280~380℃之间大量分解,380℃后少量裂解产生的小分子碎片或基团持续分解,同时碳元素发生结构重排,形成石墨微晶.炭化温度是影响纤维素基活性炭微晶结构及孔结构的关键因素,随炭化温度的升高,石墨微晶尺寸变大,孔结构得到发育,但活性炭的比表面积则呈先增加后下降趋势,当炭化温度为600℃时所得活性炭比表面积最大;炭化时间对炭微晶结构及比表面积的影响不显著;随着活化时间的延长,先是炭结构中的非微晶碳被氧化,比表面积及总孔容积变大,然后微晶碳被氧化,微晶结构被破坏,炭中部分微孔变成中孔或大孔,导致比表面积及总孔容积变小,当微晶间的非微晶碳被充分氧化而又不破坏原微晶结构时得到的炭孔隙最丰富.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.