核仁小分子RNA及其基因组织形式

核仁小分子RNA(snoRNA)是非编码RNA中研究得最多,了解得最详细的成员之一。依据snoRNA保守的序列和结构元件可将其分成三类:box C/D snoRNA,box H/ACA snoRNA以及MRP RNA。它们的主要功能分别为指导rRNA或snRNA中特异位点的2′-O-核糖甲基化修饰、假尿嘧啶化修饰或作为分子伴侣参与靶标RNA高级结构的形成。目前发现的snoRNA基因组织主要有四种形式:独立基因编码的snoRNA、内含子编码的snoRNA、多顺反子snoRNA基因簇和内含子编码的snoRNA基因簇。但是,并不是每种生物都具有这四种基因组织形式。大多数脊椎动物的snoRNA产生于蛋白质基因的内含子中,植物snoRNA基因多以基因簇的形式存在,大部分酵母snoRNA由独立基因编码,锥体虫snoRNA以多顺反子形式存在,果蝇snoRNA基因都位于宿主基因的内含子中。随着对snoRNA研究工作的不断深入,snoRNA基因组织形式也呈现出前所未有的复杂性和多样性。     

两个新的粟酒裂殖酵母box H/ACA snoRNA的鉴定、功能分析及进化意义

通过构建粟酒裂殖酵母核小分子RNA的cDNA文库,发现并鉴定了两个新的非编码RNA,分别命名为Sp15-70和Sp18-61.生物信息学分析揭示这两个RNA均具有典型的box H/ACA snoRNA二级结构特征和与rRNA互补的配对区,推测Sp15-70具有指导25S rRNA中U2401和U2298假尿嘧啶修饰的功能;Sp18-61具有指导18S rRNA中U208和25S rRNA中U2341假尿嘧啶修饰的功能.采用CMC-引物延伸法证实:在粟酒裂殖酵母rRNA中,这4个预测位点确实为假尿嘧啶修饰核苷酸.Sp15-70和Sp18-61均由单拷贝基因编码,分别位于粟酒裂殖酵母染色体工和Ⅲ上蛋白质基因的间隔区,在其5'端上游均发现了典型的TATA box元件,表明它们都是独立转录的基因.比较分析这两个snoRNA在不同生物中的功能性同源分子,发现snoRNA基因在进化的过程中发生了广泛的分子重组和转位.     

粟酒裂殖酵母SnoRNA snR90基因缺失株的筛选鉴定

snR90是在粟酒裂殖酵母中发现的一种单基因编码的box H/ACA类snoRNA.在利用遗传手段在粟酒裂殖酵母基因组中敲除了snR90基因后,通过选择性培养基、PCR、Northern杂交这一系列方法筛选鉴定出snR90基因缺失株.该基因缺失株ΔsnR90的成功构建对snR90功能的分析很有的意义.     

家蚕新的非编码RNA功能初探

构建了家蚕50～500 nt非编码RNA的cDNA文库,发现了189个新的ncRNA,其中一个小RNA-Bm-86在家蚕幼虫和蛹中的表达量显著高于卵和成虫.利用生物信息学软件对该ncRNA的特性及其与上下游基因的关系进行了深入分析,并利用Northern杂交和半定量RT-PCR技术对该ncRNA与其宿主基因在家蚕不同组织的表达情况进行了研究.结果发现,该ncRNA属于H/ACA box snoRNA家族,是由家蚕eIF5A基因的第二个内含子转录产生的,且在家蚕中没有明显的靶标位点.分析其上下游基因结构发现,在其上游263 bp处存在着一个可能的启动子位点,表明其有独立转录的倾向.进一步分析Bm-86与其宿主基因eIF5A在家蚕不同组织部位的表达情况发现,二者在表达上存在着负相关的关系,且该现象在丝腺中尤其明显.推测Bm-86可能通过影响eIF5A基因的表达参与到家蚕丝腺发育调控过程中.     

两种相邻分布的水稻U14 BoxC/D snoRNA

通过对酵母U14BoxC/DsnoRNA保守元件的分析,推测出水稻BoxC/DsnoRNA可能具有的保守序列,进而在水稻第二号染色体上找到可能编码两种BoxC/DsnoRNA的序列.这两个BoxC/DsnoRNA在染色体上相邻分布,具有典型的BoxC和BoxD序列,末端形成茎环结构,这也是BoxC/DsnoRNA一个显著的特点.它们含有一段相同的“引导”序列,此序列能与水稻18S核糖体RNA(rRNA)第414位到第427位互补配对,这两者可能行使相同的功能:介导此配对区域内rRNA的核糖的甲基化.通过实验证明:(1)水稻18S核糖体RNA的配对区域内的确存在甲基化修饰;(2)这两种BoxC/DsnoRNA存在于水稻细胞中.通过序列同源性比较发现与玉米U14snoRNA有很高的同源性.将这两种在水稻中发现的BoxC/DsnoRNA命名为U14.1snoRNA和U14.2snoRNA.编码这两种BoxC/DsnoRNA的基因已被GenBank收录,其编号为AF332622.     

生物信息学在直肠癌相关基因分析中的应用

目的,利用生物信息学方法研究直肠癌相关基因的结构与功能。方法:选择一条在直肠癌和正常组织有差异表达的表达序列标签(EST),利用生物信息学方法,对其进行结构与功能的分析。结果:电子克隆了其全长cDNA序列并预测其编码蛋白为SETprotein。结论:利用生物信息学及网络资源可作为克隆研究基因的新方法。     

粗糙脉孢菌U3 snoRNA基因的鉴定及其表达和功能分析

通过对粗糙脉孢菌（Neurospora crassa）小RNA的cDNA文库筛选及基因组分析,鉴定了3个U3snoRNA基因,命名为NcU3A、NcU3B和NcU3C,这3个基因表达的U3snoRNA的大小分别为262,270和275nt．同时,Northern杂交还揭示出不同大小的U3snoRNA剪切变体,表明U3 snoRNA的表达存在复杂的转录后加工．粗糙脉孢菌U3snoRNA都具有物种间保守的与18SrRNA配对的功能区;NcU3A及其剪切变体还具有一段过去没有报道的与26SrRNA互补的反义序列,这段反义序列并不指导对应的rRNA位点的甲基化修饰,可能具有rRNA分子伴侣的作用．粗糙脉孢菌U3 snoRNA都是独立转录的基因,每个基因中均包含一个小内含子序列,其插入位点与酵母U3相似,表明它们古老的起源．研究结果对阐明U3 snoRNA的结构进化及功能多样性具有重要意义．     

Z25，哺乳动物核仁蛋白基因编码的一个新的内含子snoRNA

通过计算机分析和实验鉴定,发现了哺乳动物中一种新的内含子snoRNA． Z25．Z25 snoRNA长为69个核苷酸,具有典型的boxC／D结构元件和末端配对区,一 段长为11个核苷酸的序列与18S rRNA互补,其下游紧接boxD’．按照理论计算,Z25 snoRNA具有指导18S rRNA中A1678(按人18S rRNA编号)2’．0．核糖甲基化的功能． Z25基因位于人、小白鼠和大鼠核仁蛋白(Nucleolin)基因第5个内含子中,揭示出哺 乳动物核仁蛋白基因是一种多内含子snoRNA编码的宿主基因．     

美洲鲎miRNA的生物信息学挖掘与分析

利用miRBase数据库中已有动物的小RNA（miRNA）,通过生物信息学方法对美洲鲎(Limulus polyphemus)表达序列标签（Expressed Sequences Tag,EST）和cDNA进行序列比对,挖掘美洲鲎miRNA,得到了 72个miRNA前体(pre-miRNA)、49个可编码成熟miRNA,隶属于40个miRNA家族。miRNA家族归类结果表明,无论在低等脊椎动物还是高等动物中,miRNA家族的存在都是相当保守的。以miR-10基因前体为例,分析其序列与其他物种同源序列的差异,显示miRNA序列的高度保守性。miR-10前体序列分析系统进化发现,物种聚类与传统分类亲缘关系一致。     

大花蕙兰MADS-box基因ChMADS1的克隆及表达分析

根据MADS～box基因保守区结构,设计简并性引物,从大花蕙兰（Cymbidium hybridium）子房中分离和克隆到一个MADS—box基因全序列cDNA（ChMADS1）,序列分析表明该基因长871bp,含一个编码228个氨基酸的完整开放读码框,具有典型的植物MADS—box蛋白结构,由MADS盒、I、K、C区四部分组成．该基因编码的蛋白质与另两种兰花的AP3类MADS盒基因蛋白质PeAP3（89％／94%）和DcOAP3A（89％／95％）同源性较高,属于B组AP3基因家族中的paleoAP3基因．RT—PCR和反Northern杂交分析进一步证实其在子房以及花的各个器官中表达,是B组AP3基因家族中具特殊表达功能的一个新成员．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the