地表水中藻毒素的监测与控制

随着大量含氮和磷的废水流入湖泊和江河,导致淡水污染现象日趋严重.污染的最主要危害是释放多种藻毒素,因此如何有效控制、去除藻毒素是摆在中外环境科学领域的一个难题,目前水体中藻毒素的监测方法主要有生物法、化学法、免疫法等;控制的方法主要有常规净水工艺、生物处理、光降解与光催化氧化以及臭氧氧化等.     

高藻期滦河水处理工艺流程对比试验研究

对天津滦河高藻原水进行常规处理工艺、常规处理-活性炭工艺、常规处理-预氧化和臭氧活性炭工艺处理效能的对比试验,研究结果表明:在常规处理工艺投加适量的混凝剂可有效控制浊度,但其对TOC和藻类的去除率仅为38.7%和89.5%;在常规处理工艺基础上增加后续活性炭过滤后,TOC和藻类的去除率可达65.1%和97.0%;在臭氧预氧化和常规处理基础上增加臭氧活性炭工艺,TOC和藻类的去除率可达83.2%,98.3%;同时臭氧预氧化可提高气浮对藻类和TOC的去除效率,臭氧中间氧化也有利于提高活性炭对TOC的去除.     

饮用水臭氧生物活性炭净化效果与传统工艺比较

高浓度有机物,高NH4+-N的黄浦江原水经预臭氧→高密度澄清池→砂滤→后臭氧→生物活性炭组合处理工艺后,水质明显优于传统处理工艺.其中臭氧生物活性炭部分对CODMn(高锰酸盐指数)和NH4+-N的去除率分别达到30.4%和18.9%.由于预臭氧相对预氯化能更好地发挥其氧化助凝作用,组合工艺中常规工艺部分对CODMn和NH4+-N的去除率分别达29.6%和81.0%,而传统工艺对CODMn和NH4+-N的去除率仅分别为22.3%和61.5%.考察了2种工艺出水藻毒素,溴酸盐浓度、三卤甲烷生成潜能以及相对分子质量分布等指标,表明组合处理工艺更容易去除小分子有机物(臭氧生物活性炭部分对小于1kD的有机物去除率大于70%),三卤甲烷生成潜能比传统工艺降低41%,且藻毒素和溴酸盐指标均低于我国饮用水标准.由于组合处理工艺能基本去除NH4+-N,可以采用自由氯消毒用以解决传统氯胺消毒带来的亚硝胺等消毒副产物风险和氯胺的气味问题.在高温季节组合工艺澄清池中出现藻类大量生长的现象,可能与臭氧持续消毒时间较短有关,可通过联合预臭氧和预氯化工艺对组合处理工艺中预处理方式进行改造.     

紫外-微臭氧工艺降解微囊藻毒素的动力学特性

研究了紫外-微臭氧工艺降解微囊藻毒素(MC)的动力学过程与特性.结果表明:MC-RR,MC-YR和MC-LR三种MC在紫外-微臭氧反应器中的降解过程为一级动力学反应,半降解时间分别为74.5,32.2和24.2 min;降解速率不受初始藻毒素浓度的影响,湖水中天然有机物(NOM)能捕获自由基,抑制MC的降解,葡萄糖对MC的降解没有影响;紫外-微臭氧工艺主要通过HO·等自由基对MC侧链Adda基中不饱和共轭双键的破坏而降解MC,并使藻毒素脱毒.紫外-微臭氧工艺可用于降解饮用水中MC.     

富营养化原水几种净水工艺处理效果的比较研究

对以某湖水为原水的几种净水工艺进行了对比试验研究，结果表明：与水厂现有工艺相比，生物陶粒预处理及预臭氧化＋生物陶粒预处理有较好的净水功效；预臭氧、生物陶粒、混凝沉淀、砂滤、活性炭等单元工艺有机地组合起来，对氨氮、叶绿素a、色度、浊度的去除率都比水厂工艺高，但出水氯化物Ames试验的致突变性增强，生物预处理对水中致突变前体物的去除能力有限，实践中净水工艺的组合应将健康风险与技术经济结合起来选择使用。     

固定化栅藻对市政污水中氮、磷营养盐的深度净化

利用固定化藻类的生物富积作用净化污水中的氮和磷，将栅藻包埋固定在褐藻酸钙凝胶胶球中，对人工污水进行深度净化．研究藻细胞年龄和饥饿处理时间对污水中NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的净化效率以及净化过程中藻类叶绿索a含量变化．结果表明：静止初期藻细胞对NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P去除率比指数末期高，处理5d后，静止初期细胞对NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的去除率分别为76．7％及91．7％，指数末期细胞氮、磷的去除率分别为75．4％和88．7%；饥饿处理可明显提高藻细胞对NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的去除效率，藻细胞饥饿时间对NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P去除率的影响大小依次为48h，72h，24h，0h．     

预臭氧化去除水中有机物效果及其生物稳定性

以黄浦江上游水源为原水,采用运行水量各为1 m3·h-1的两套中试设备,通过在饮用水常规处理工艺前预加臭氧氧化和预加氯氧化平行对比试验,测定了CODMn、UV254、TOC三种表示有机物含量的替代参数和生物可同化有机碳AOC,研究了预臭氧化工艺对水中有机物的去除效果,并对预臭氧化水的生物稳定性进行了分析评价,发现:在原水CODMn为5.56~6.50 mg·L-1情况下,预臭氧化工艺对CODMn的去除率比预氯化工艺提高2.5%,对UV254的去除率比预氯化工艺提高6%;两工艺对TOC的去除率均不高;预臭氧化工艺出水生物稳定性差,AOC明显大于预氯化工艺.     

气浮工艺强化除藻中试试验研究

气浮工艺对藻类有一定的去除效果,但去除率不够高.故此,设计了中试的气浮系统,研究在高藻期强化气浮除藻的效能.通过试验,可以得出如下结果:回流比的大小,对气浮处理效果起着十分重要的控制作用,在回流比从5%提高到10%时,藻类的去除率也可以相应的提高10%,考虑到实际的运行成本,回流比定为10%.混凝剂对于气浮除藻有较大的影响,PAC的处理效果优于氯化铁,对藻类的去除率可以提高10%左右.预氧化对于藻类的去除起到良好的强化作用,所起效果从高到低依次是臭氧、高锰酸盐和氯,臭氧和高锰酸盐可以将藻类的去除率从60%左右提高到80%多,去除率可以提高20%.     

拟柱孢藻毒素生物合成的分子基础与进化特征

拟柱孢藻毒素是由尖头藻等水华蓝藻产生的一种生物碱类蓝藻毒素.毒理学研究表明该毒素进入动物体内后能够对多种器官产生毒性效应，且以肝毒性较为明显.拟柱孢藻毒素的毒性虽不及微囊藻毒素，但由于其结构的稳定性和水溶性，能够在水体中积累到较高浓度，增大了饮用水健康风险，且容易通过食物链富集造成更为严重的中毒事件.随着尖头藻水华在世界范围内的蔓延，拟柱孢藻毒素也引起了研究者和水体管理部门的广泛关注.作为一种次级代谢产物，拟柱孢藻毒素的生物合成是从甘氨酸、精氨酸和丙二酰CoA开始，由特定的多种酶依次催化完成的.这些酶的编码基因在基因组上形成簇状结构，不同种的产毒藻具有相似的毒素合成基因簇，主要差别在于基因序列的变异和排列方式的不同.对毒素合成基因及其功能的探究不但有助于建立可靠的分子检测方法，用于预测水华发生过程中的毒素风险，还可以加深对蓝藻次级代谢产物合成与进化的认识，为利用和改造这些天然代谢途径合成新的活性化合物提供参考.通过对拟柱孢藻毒素生物合成的分子基础及其进化特征的系统性总结，以期从分子水平为相关领域的研究者提供有关拟柱孢藻毒素的全面认识.     

臭氧射流曝气工艺深度处理活性染料废水的研究

采用臭氧对活性染料废水生化处理出水进行脱色深度处理,对比考察了臭氧射流曝气工艺和传统微孔曝气臭氧氧化工艺的处理效果。结果表明,臭氧射流曝气工艺对废水COD、色度、氨氮的去除率分别为51%、97%和71%,相对使用传统微孔曝气臭氧氧化工艺,臭氧射流曝气工艺具有停留时间短,能耗低,臭氧利用率高等优势,是一种非常适合染料废水深度处理的工艺。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to