森林生态系统服务功能及其价值

保护全球生态系统服务的研究已成为国际生态学领域的热点和前沿。地球生态系统中森林生态系统服务功能价值位列第2。概述了森林生态系统服务功能种类,介绍了森林生态系统服务功能的四类价值,阐述了森林生态系统服务功能经济价值评估的理论与方法。为了保护人类赖以生存的生态环境和实现可持续发展,保护森林生态系统服务功能非常必要。     

广州市生态系统服务功能价值评估

以广州市为例，运用环境经济学的方法对城市生态系统服务功能进行价值评估，并在GIS平台上制定出其服务功能空间分级分布图．其结果表明广州市城市生态系统服务功能总价值为202亿元．如果考虑生态系统的直接经济价值，广州市不同类型生态系统的价值排序为：湿地＞经济林＞农田＞针叶林＞草地＞针阔混交林＞灌木林、疏林＞阔叶林．如果仅考虑其生态服务功能价值(即不考虑直接物质产品价值)，则排序为：湿地＞林地＞草地＞农田．     

永昌县东大河天然林区生态系统服务功能经济价值评估

根据有关文献研究数据，参照中华人民共和国林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》，对永昌县东大河林区生态系统服务功能价值进行了评估。结果表明，东大河天然林区生态系统服务功能经济价值为16．26×10^8元。其中，涵养水源功能价值2．67×10^8元，保育土壤功能价值7．92×10^8元；固碳释氧功能价值0．36×10^8元，积累营养物质功能价值2．95×10^8元；净化空气功能价值6．8×10^6元，娱乐文化功能价值2．29×10^6元；生物多样性保护价值2．27×10^6元。     

基于CA Markov模型的喀斯特地区县域生态系统服务价值动态模拟

【目的】评估贵州喀斯特典型地区土地利用及生态系统服务价值变化趋势,为退耕还林(草)工程的实施提供理论支撑。【方法】在“3S”技术支持下,以贵州省普定县1999年、2003年、2009年和2015年4期Landsat遥感影像为主要数据源,根据CART决策树模型分类结果,提取普定县土地利用/覆被及景观格局信息,对1999—2015年间生态系统服务价值进行动态评估; 在此基础上结合CA-Markov模型,预测普定县2021年土地利用景观格局及生态系统服务价值变化趋势。【结果】1999—2015年间,研究区生态系统服务价值平稳增加,其中林地、农田和水域3类景观的生态系统服务价值占总价值的90%以上,是生态系统服务主体。在土地利用生态系统单项服务价值方面,水源涵养、土壤形成与保护和废物处理这3项生态服务功能合计贡献率在50%左右。【结论】贵州普定县域生态系统服务价值变化的主要驱动因素是退耕还林(草)政策的实施。2021年普定县生态系统服务价值总量为9.58亿元,比2015年减少约0.3亿元,说明现有退耕还林政策下,普定县生态系统服务价值在未来5年呈下降趋势。     

白云湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

白云湖湿地是济南市最大的天然淡水湖泊，由于其水源供给不稳定，直接影响着湿地生态和经济效益的发挥．本文在分析白云湖湿地生态系统主要服务功能的基础上，对各项功能所产生的生态经济效益进行了价值评估．评估结果表明，白云湖湿地主要服务功能的总价值为7041．2万元，其中蓄洪滞洪功能最大，占总服务功能价值的60．5％。     

城市生态系统服务功能价值评估初探——以深圳市为例

综述国内外生态系统服务功能价值评估相关研究进展,以深圳市为例,运用生态经济学原理与方法,阐释了生态系统调节气候、固碳释氧、保持土壤、涵养水源、净化环境和减弱噪声等生态服务功能,对其经济价值进行评估。结果表明,深圳市生态系统服务功能具有巨大的生态经济效益,2000年总价值为1265.29亿元,与深圳市当年国内生产总值1665.24亿元相当。同时,城市生态系统各生态服务功能的重要性,由大到小依次为固碳释氧功能、调节气候功能、涵养水源功能、保持土壤功能、净化空气功能与减弱噪声功能。而减弱噪声与净化空气是深圳市下一阶段景观管理与生态建设中需要重点保障的生态系统服务功能。     

青海湖湿地生态系统服务价值分析

依据生态系统价值分析理论和方法，本文定量分析了青海湖流域湿地生态系统的直接和间接经济价值．结果表明青海湖流域的主要服务功能价值约362．71亿人民币；其中涵养水源的价值最大，为289．66亿人民币；其次为自然和生物多样性保护、科学考察及旅游和水产品价值．由于气候变化和人为影响，青海湖流域的生态服务价值在不断减少，只有采取整体的保护措施，才能实现当地社会和经济的可持续发展。     

江西省森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

在探讨森林生态系统服务功能的基础上，运用生态经济学方法，根据1998年江西省国土资源遥感调查资料，对江西省森林生态系统服务功能价值进行了定量评估。结果表明，全省森林系统服务功能总价值平均每年为1177．53亿元，其中涵养水源的价值为585．66亿元，净化环境功能的价值为458．14亿元，保持土壤减少侵蚀的价值为121．95亿元。     

森林生态系统服务功能价值的评估

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,在全球生态系统中发挥着举足轻重的作用,其服务功能价值的评估是研究的一个热点.文中回顾和介绍了当前森林生态系统服务功能的概念、内涵和评价指标,以及国内外研究进展情况,并着重对其指标评价体系和经济价值评估方法进行了总结,同时提出了自己的见解和看法.     

森林生态系统服务功能价值的评估

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,在全球生态系统中发挥着举足轻重的作用,其服务功能价值的评估是研究的一个热点。文中回顾和介绍了当前森林生态系统服务功能的概念、内涵和评价指标,以及国内外研究进展情况,并着重对其指标评价体系和经济价值评估方法进行了总结,同时提出了自己的见解和看法。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.