Platinum-group elements for the mantle peridotites in the Dazhuka ophiolite, Tibet, China

The total PGE amounts of mantle peridotites in the Dazhuka ophiolite, Tibet, are 28.37—50.67 ng/g, slightly higher than those of mantle peridotites in the primitive mantle, and typical ophiolites in the world, and the Alps-type mantle peridotites. The PGE distribution patterns in the Dazhuka mantle peridotites are also different from those of the mantle peridotites of partial melting relict origin. The Dazhuka mantle peridotites have relatively high total PGE amounts and are enriched in Pt, Pd, and Ru. Their PGE distribution patterns belong to the positively inclined- or swallow-type patterns. The PGE distribution patterns in the mantle peridotites of partial melting relict origin belong to the negative-slope patterns or flat patterns. This reflects the unique features of the upper mantle in this region. Relative enrichment in Pt and Pd, as well as in the incompatible elements Cu, Au, Cs, Rb, Ba, Th, U and LREE, indicates that the partial melting-derived relict mantle peridotites in the Dazhuka ophiolite had experienced intensive permeating and mixing processes of the melt and fluid both containing abundant incompatible elements.     

Os isotopic evidence for a carbonaceous chondritic mantle source for the Nagqu ophiolite from Tibet and its implications

Early-crystallizing chromian spinel(Cr-spinel) in the Nagqu ophiolite has high Os and low Re contents,and it is resistant to alteration during serpentinization,weathering and metamorphism.The chemical composition of primitive magma is preserved in Cr-spinel,which makes it suitable for determining the initial Os-isotope composition of the mantle source.This study presents Cr-spinel Os isotopes and zircon U-Pb ages for cumulate dunite and gabbro,respectively,in the same cumulate section of the ophiolite at Nagqu in Tibet.The results shed light on the formation and evolution of lithospheric mantle.The Nagqu ophiolite is located in the central part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone.It is a remnant of the Neotethyan oceanic crust,and contains cumulate dunite and gabbro.Zircon from the gabbro yielded a weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U age of 183.7±1 Ma.Cr-spinel exhibits Os values of 0.2 to 0.3,suggesting that the mantle source for the dunite is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites.Thus,the Tibetan lithosphere is primarily a relic of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere,which has formed by the transformation of the normal asthenospheric mantle in the Mesozoic.This is the first study to combine the spinel Os isotopes with accurate zircon U-Pb ages to constrain the geochemical characteristics of the mantle source for the ophiolite.     

冀东遵化新太古代蛇绿混杂岩带岩石学与构造特征——古板块构造运动的证据

在遵化北部,有大量的基性岩超基性岩构造透镜体,包括变质辉绿岩（斜长角闪岩）、层状辉长岩、堆积杂岩、地幔橄榄岩等散布在新太古代片麻岩中。这些岩石组合与现代蛇绿岩套一致,和强烈剪切变形的片麻岩一起构成典型的蛇绿岩混杂岩。蛇绿岩套中的豆荚状铬铁矿提供了中国存在新太古代蛇绿岩的确切证据。遵化新太古代蛇绿混杂岩带的发现,证明25亿年以前板块构造运动已经出现。     

新疆吐哈盆地南北缘石炭纪火山岩铂族元素配分及其指示意义

古俯冲带背景下的残余地幔岩的PGEs配分以Pd, Pt明显亏损和Ir, Ru相对富集为特征,而部分熔融产物的玄武岩和基性岩脉则呈现相反的Ir, Ru明显亏损和Pd, Pt相对富集特征。俯冲带中流体的参与一方面增加了部分熔融程度,有利于Pd, Pt从原始地幔进入熔融相;另一方面,流体的作用使得Pd, Pt相对于Ir, Ru迁移活动性效率提高,造成地幔岩中w(Pd)/w(Ir)和w(Pt)/w(Ir)比值很低。新疆吐鲁番—哈密盆地南缘觉罗塔格和北缘博格达两个石炭纪火山岩带中的玄武岩和基性岩墙群PGEs配分曲线均呈缓的正倾斜曲线形式,PGEs总量和Pd, Pt分异程度均很低,与典型蛇绿杂岩带中的基性岩明显不同,据此可以认为两个岩浆带并不具备古板块俯冲带的构造背景。     

藏北改则—色哇地区的蛇绿岩特征

藏北改则-色哇缝合带的蛇绿岩,与特罗多斯、岛湾的蛇绿岩剖面对比,区别是厚度小和缺乏席状岩墙。该区的变质超镁铁岩属阿尔卑斯橄榄岩-蛇纹岩组合,其化学成分与玄武岩互补,说明玄武岩浆系地幔岩分熔的产物。     

古塔里木大陆东北缘加里东期蛇绿岩套的发现及其构造意义

近年发观的红柳河蛇绿岩套,在地理上位于新疆和甘肃两省区的边界上。该岩套由一个从二辉榄橄岩、方辉橄榄岩、堆积杂岩和辉绿岩到伴有碧玉硅质岩的上、下枕状熔岩层序构成,根据地质证据和化石证据证明,这个蛇绿岩发育在古塔里木大陆东北缘,时代为中—上志留世,因此它具有许多不同于产出在大洋中脊的蛇绿岩特征监暗示出大陆边缘这样一种构造背景。例如,人们可以看到一些包括大陆基底岩石在内的捕虏体和它们的热变质作用以及可归因于大陆壳撕裂的水的作用。岩石学和地球化学还表明来自上地幔的岩浆穿过陆壳监经历了强烈的混染作用。此外,它还说明中天山构造带和塔里木古陆之间的关系是:蛇绿岩形成的中上志留世以前,它们两者是一个整体,那之后,塔里木古陆维持原状,而中天山则在泥盆—石炭纪演化成—岛弧。     

The Dongcaohe ophiolite from the North Qilian Mountains： A fossil oceanic crust of the Paleo-Qilian ocean

The Dongcaohe ophiolite, located at the south of the North Qilian subduction complexes, is a tectonic block with an exposed area of about 3 km×6 km. It consists of an intrusive section overlain by an ex- trusive section. The lower part of the intrusive section consists of cyclic layers of cumulate dunites, troctolites, anorthosites, anorthositic gabbros, and gabbros with small discordant dunite and troctolite bodies. This layered sequence grades upward to isotropic gabbros and gabbronorites, which are overlain by the extrusive sequence of diabasic sheeted dikes and basaltic lavas. The overall mineral crystallization sequence was olivine±Cr-spinel, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides. The Cr-spinel (Mg#: 42-66, Cr#: 41-57) in these layered cumulates and present-day abyssal peridotites have similar compositions. Also, the compositional variations of the plagioclase and cli- nopyroxene in the intrusive section reflect crystallization from melts compositionally similar to the present-day ocean basalts. Moreover, the rare earth element (REE) and multi-element distribution pat- terns of the intrusive and extrusive lithologies in the Dongcaohe ophiolite are consistent with crystal- lization of mid-ocean ridge basalts. The zircon grains separated from the gabbronorite have an SHRIMP average 206Pb/238U weighted age of 497 ± 7 Ma, which is considered as the tectonic emplacement age of the Dongcaohe ophiolite. The field occurrence, mineral and whole-rock compositions indicate that the Dongcaohe ophiolite represents a well-persevered oceanic crustal fragment composed of a complete oceanic crustal section of layered cumulates at bottom upgrading through isotropic cumulates to sheeted dikes and lava flows.     

内蒙古乌拉特中旗温更辉长岩类的岩石学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

内蒙古乌拉特中旗温更地区发育了一套由角闪辉长岩和橄榄辉长岩组成的混杂堆晶岩系,主要造岩矿物为橄榄石、辉石、斜长石及角闪石等。电子探针数据分析表明,角闪辉长岩中的辉石为透辉石区,而斜长石An平均为86,属倍长石。这些岩石表现为大离子亲石元素（LILE）K,Rb,Sr,Ba明显富集,高场强元素（HFSE）Nb,Ta,Zr相对亏损。根据Al₂-TiO₂,Wo-En-Fs以及An-Mg′图解,结合其微量元素地球化学特征可以判断角闪辉长岩类形成于岛弧环境。橄榄辉长岩中橄榄石Fo平均为74,属贵橄榄石,斜长石An平均为80,属倍长石,辉石全部落入顽辉石区。这些岩石表现了贫SiO₂高MgO,富集大离子亲石元素K,Rb,Sr,Ba和轻稀土（LREE）,个别高场强元素Nb亏损,兼具大洋中脊与岛弧的特征。根据Wo-En-Fs以及An-En图解推测橄榄辉长岩产于弧后盆地环境。温更混杂辉长岩的形成与古亚洲洋板块的俯冲消减作用有关,是研究古亚洲洋演化历史的一个重要岩石学标志。     

汉诺坝非橄榄岩类包体的化学和同位素特征

汉诺坝非橄榄岩包体主要是指辉石岩、辉长岩和麻粒岩，其主要元素、微量元素有较大和系统的变化，Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ、Ｐｂ同位素从非常亏损的ＤＭＭ源特征变至具ＥＭＩ和ＥＭＩ源趋势的富化特征．它们与寄主玄武岩及共生的橄榄岩包体无直接成因联系，有不同的形成时代并在不同的空间位置居留     

Microscopic deformation of the Neoarchean oceanic lithospheric mantle: evidence from the Zunhua Neoarchean ophiolitic mélange, North China Craton

The microstructures of the mantle tectonites in the Zunhua Neoarchean ophiolitic mélange are mainly coarse-mosaic structures with locally interstitial impregnated melts. Olivine and orthopyroxene occur as residual porphyroclastic blasts, dynamic recrystallization neoblasts or elongated to be tabular. The podiform chromitites are mostly strongly deformed with the development of pull-apart structure. These microstructures are typical high-temperature plastic deformation in oceanic upper mantle resulting from ocean-floor spreading. Besides the high-temperature plastic deformation, undeformed magmatic intrusions such as undeformed podiform chromitite, dunite and pyroxenite intrusions are also preserved in the mantle tectonite. Structures of high-temperature plastic deformation and intensive magmatic activity prove that the Zunhua ophiolite was formed under fast spreading oceanic ridge, similar to the Oman ophiolite. And the microstructures of country rocks, such as quartz ribbon, core and mantle structure, dynamic recrystallization and mica-fish stucture, etc., were formed during the uplift of ophiolitic mélange from the mid-crust to the upper-crust associated with continental collision.     

Discovery of ophiolite in southeast Yunnan, China

The Babu ophiolite in Malipo County, SE Yunnan, consists of three units: ultramafic, mafic and basaltic rocks. Studies of geological mapping, petrology and geochemistry reveal that the gabbro is similar to that in the Troodos ophiolite, and the diabase and basalt belong to a normal MORB-type, analogous to the Shuanggou ophiolite in west Yunnan. The ophiolite studied as a thrust tectonic slab, was overthrust northwards onto the Late Paleozoic-Triassic deep marine deposits of continental margin. It is inferred to be relics of Paleotethyan ocean; namely, a branch of Paleotethys occurs in South China, where the tectonic nature and evolutional history of the area should be reconsidered.     

北祁连直河蛇绿岩的地质和地球化学特征

直河蛇绿岩是在北祁连造山带中新发现的,该蛇绿岩由地幔橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩、玄武岩、硅质岩等组成,以构造岩片为接触关系.蛇绿岩中岩石地球化学特征表明,该蛇绿岩具有大洋拉斑玄武岩的特征,同时具有某些岛弧特征,基性岩类的REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式为平坦型和LREE亏损型,超基性岩为亏损地幔源和富集地幔物质加入的混合成因,稀土分配型式不同于典型洋脊玄武岩,源区为亏损地幔和富集地幔的混合源.北祁连自寒武纪末大陆裂解,完成大陆裂陷向洋盆的转化,至奥陶纪形成沟弧盆体系.直河蛇绿岩属于弧后盆地扩张环境的产物.     

Platinum-group element （PGE） geochemistry of the Emeishan basalts in the Pan-Xi area, SW China

Mantle plume represents massive mantle-derived magma activity and mainly causes the generation of the magma-associated deposits. The economically impor- tant magmatic deposits include Cu-Ni-PGE, V-Ti-Fe, and chromite deposits, e.g., the Bushveld giant PGE…     

Primary carbonatite melt from deeply subducted oceanic crust

Partial melting in the Earth's mantle plays an important part in generating the geochemical and isotopic diversity observed in volcanic rocks at the surface. Identifying the composition of these primary melts in the mantle is crucial for establishing links between mantle geochemical 'reservoirs' and fundamental geodynamic processes. Mineral inclusions in natural diamonds have provided a unique window into such deep mantle processes. Here we provide experimental and geochemical evidence that silicate mineral inclusions in diamonds from Juina, Brazil, crystallized from primary and evolved carbonatite melts in the mantle transition zone and deep upper mantle. The incompatible trace element abundances calculated for a melt coexisting with a calcium-titanium-silicate perovskite inclusion indicate deep melting of carbonated oceanic crust, probably at transition-zone depths. Further to perovskite, calcic-majorite garnet inclusions record crystallization in the deep upper mantle from an evolved melt that closely resembles estimates of primitive carbonatite on the basis of volcanic rocks. Small-degree melts of subducted crust can be viewed as agents of chemical mass-transfer in the upper mantle and transition zone, leaving a chemical imprint of ocean crust that can possibly endure for billions of years.     

西昆仑早古生代构造演化及其对塔西南盆地的影响

在板块构造理论基础上，通过区内蛇绿岩、与俯冲有关的岩浆岩及相关沉积等综合研究，对西昆仑早古生代构造演化进行了重建：震旦纪－寒武纪西昆仑从塔里木大陆分裂出去，并在它们之间形成“昆仑洋”；寒武纪－奥陶纪“昆仑洋”洋壳向南俯冲于西仑之下，形成库地俯冲带、库地弧前盆地、西昆仑早古生代火山弧及麻扎－黑卡弧后盆地；志留纪－早泥盆世，“昆仑洋”消失，西昆仑早古生代火山弧与塔里木大陆碰撞，并形成塔里木前陆冲断带和泥盆纪前陆盆地磨拉石及塔里木大陆内泥盆纪的“红层相”     

Non-chondritic distribution of the highly siderophile elements in mantle sulphides

The abundances of highly siderophile (iron-loving) elements (HSEs) in the Earth's mantle provide important constraints on models of the Earth's early evolution. It has long been assumed that the relative abundances of HSEs should reflect the composition of chondritic meteorites--which are thought to represent the primordial material from which the Earth was formed. But the non-chondritic abundance ratios recently found in several types of rock derived from the Earth's mantle have been difficult to reconcile with standard models of the Earth's accretion, and have been interpreted as having arisen from the addition to the primitive mantle of either non-chondritic extraterrestrial material or differentiated material from the Earth's core. Here we report in situ laser-ablation analyses of sulphides in mantle-derived rocks which show that these sulphides do not have chondritic HSE patterns, but that different generations of sulphide within single samples show extreme variability in the relative abundances of HSEs. Sulphides enclosed in silicate phases have high osmium and iridium abundances but low Pd/Ir ratios, whereas pentlandite-dominated interstitial sulphides show low osmium and iridium abundances and high Pd/Ir ratios. We interpret the silicate-enclosed sulphides as the residues of melting processes and interstitial sulphides as the crystallization products of sulphide-bearing (metasomatic) fluids. We suggest that non-chondritic HSE patterns directly reflect processes occurring in the upper mantle--that is, melting and sulphide addition via metasomatism--and are not evidence for the addition of core material or of 'exotic' meteoritic components.     

Re-Os isotopes and PGE geochemistry of black shales and intercalated Ni-Mo polymetallic sulfide bed from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, South China

The paleo oceanenvironmentalchangeduringthePrecambrian Cambriantransitionisakeyissuere latedtothecausesforanexplosiveradiationofdiffer entmetazoanphyladuringtheEarlyCambrianera .Thechemicalandisotopiccompositionsofmarinesed iments (carbonates ,phosphorites ,siliceousrocks ,andblackshales)recordthechangingcompositionandphysicalconditionsoftheseawaterinwhichtheserocksaccumulated .Organiccarbon richblackshalesfrommarineenvironmentsarecommonlyenrichedinanumberoftraceelementssuchasNi,Mo ,V ,Co ,…     

塔里木北山地区橄榄岩-辉石岩的微量元素地球化学特征及其深部过程

橄榄岩—辉石岩是塔里木北山地区镁铁一超镁铁岩体中非常重要的岩石类型．橄榄岩一辉石岩的主元素特征表明其主要为准铝质岩石，同时存在过碱质系列岩石．在稀土元素CI标准化配分图上，表现为LREE富集，HREE配分曲线平坦；在微量元素N-MORB标准化的蛛网图上，表现为C8，U，Pb等大离子低场强元素强烈富集，Nb，Ta，Zr，Ti等高场强元素明显亏损；w（Sm）／w（Nd）值特征表明研究区橄榄一辉石岩源于地幔源区．微量元素地球化学研究表明，塔里木北山地区橄榄岩一辉石岩形成于活动大陆边缘弧后张裂构造环境，为构造应力释放阶段的产物．本文及前期研究结果表明：橄榄岩、辉石岩和辉长岩的地球化学特征研究在解决深部地质过程方面具有较大潜力．     

Evidence from gabbro of the Troodos ophiolite for lateral magma transport along a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge

The lateral flow of magma and ductile deformation of the lower crust along oceanic spreading axes has been thought to play a significant role in suppressing both mid-ocean ridge segmentation and variations in crustal thickness. Direct investigation of such flow patterns is hampered by the kilometres of water that cover the oceanic crust, but such studies can be made on ophiolites (fragments of oceanic crust accreted to a continent). In the Oman ophiolite, small-scale radial patterns of flow have been mapped along what is thought to be the relict of a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. Here we present evidence for broad-scale along-axis flow that has been frozen into the gabbro of the Troodos ophiolite in Cyprus (thought to be representative of a slow-spreading ridge axis). The gabbro suite of Troodos spans nearly 20 km of a segment of a fossil spreading axis, near a ridge-transform intersection. We mapped the pattern of magma flow by analysing the rocks' magnetic fabric at 20 sites widely distributed in the gabbro suite, and by examining the petrographic fabric at 9 sites. We infer an along-axis magma flow for much of the gabbro suite, which indicates that redistribution of melt occurred towards the segment edge in a large depth range of the oceanic crust. Our results support the magma plumbing structure that has been inferred indirectly from a seismic tomography experiment on the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge.     

PGE patterns of ores of Dajing Cu-polymetallic deposit in Linxi County,Inner Mongolia: Indicator to source of metallogenic elements

By comparing PGE patterns of sulfide ores with that of basic-ultrabasic dikes occurring in the Dajing Cu-polymetallic deposit, we discover that there are similar positive slopes between the basic-ultrabasic dikes and the black ores composed mainly of sphalerite and galena, reflecting affinity of their source. The PGE patterns of the yellow ores composed basically of chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrite are actually different. One is close to the pattern of the mantle lherzolite, and others resemble the pattern of the basic rocks. However, the concentrations of Ru are higher in the yellow ores, reflecting that sulfur attains or approaches saturation in their parent magma. The PGE characteristics of ores and dikes show that the magmas derived from the deep of crust and the metallogenic elements were supplied mainly by growth material of the crust. In addition, the mantle-derived magma also offered some elements.