含锡铁素体不锈钢的开发及性能研究

基于新型含锡铁素体不锈钢，采用冶金反应平衡对其冶炼过程进行实验室条件下的研究，对其室温力学性能、耐腐蚀性能进行了研究，同时分析Sn对铁素体不锈钢基体的微观结构的影响规律，分析脱氧夹杂物的形貌和成分演变.研究结果表明，尽管锡的熔点极低，其收得率较高，锡在硫化物周围的富集现象明显；含锡铁素体不锈钢性能优于SUS430不锈钢，具有较好的塑形和强度，可满足深冲加工性能的要求，而耐腐蚀性能明显优于SUS430铁素体不锈钢，可部分代替其在生产中的应用.     

含锡不锈钢溶质偏析模型计算

结合微观偏析模型及Thermo-calc软件,考虑了Mn S的析出,用微观偏析理论研究了含锡铁素体不锈钢中溶质的偏析行为.主要讨论了铁素体不锈钢中C,Mn,S,P,Cr在凝固过程中的偏析程度,研究了溶质偏析对零强度温度(ZST)、零塑形温度(ZDT)的影响规律.分析了锡在铁素体钢和低碳钢中偏析行为的差异,解释了低碳钢的热加工塑形凹槽现象,理论分析了微量元素对热塑性的影响.结果表明,Sn的凝固偏析比远大于除P,S外的其他元素,Mn对S元素凝固偏析有抑制作用.锡为易偏析元素,其在奥氏体相中的凝固偏析比大于在铁素体相中的偏析比.     

晶粒尺寸对含铜锡中铬铁素体不锈钢耐蚀性的影响

以含低熔点元素Cu和Sn的超纯165%(质量分数)Cr铁素体不锈钢为实验材料,通过在35℃恒温6%(质量分数)FeCl3溶液中对实验钢进行浸泡腐蚀实验,并采用三电极体系测定实验钢的极化曲线,初步研究了晶粒尺寸对这种铁素体不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响.实验中,采用经典的失重法计算腐蚀速率,利用动电位扫描法测绘极化曲线,以进一步探究实验钢的腐蚀过程.研究表明,这种铁素体不锈钢的点蚀电位值随晶粒尺寸增大而大幅提高.浸泡腐蚀实验结果证实,存在一个相对合理的晶粒尺寸范围,晶粒尺寸过小或过大都不利于提高耐蚀性能.     

超纯铁素体不锈钢中TiN析出的动力学分析

采用动力学的方法研究超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中Ti、N的偏析及冷却速率对TiN夹杂析出的影响。结果表明,超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中,Ti的富集程度稍低于N;凝固末期残余液相中[Ti]和[N]的浓度分别提高至其初始浓度的2.5倍和3.2倍;随着钢液的逐渐凝固,析出的TiN颗粒尺寸增大;随着冷却速率的增大,析出的TiN颗粒尺寸减小,但析出时间几乎不受影响,冷却速率分别为10、20、30K/s时,TiN颗粒尺寸分别为7.1、4.8、3.9μm;其他条件相同时,随着钢中初始Ti含量或N含量的减少,凝固析出的TiN颗粒尺寸减小且析出时间推迟;相比Ti含量对TiN夹杂尺寸的影响,N含量的影响更为显著。     

含锡铁素体不锈钢夹杂物的冶金行为

基于新型含锡铁素体不锈钢，采用冶金反应平衡对其冶炼过程进行实验室条件下的研究分析了锡在不锈钢冶炼过程的收得率及锡的添加对不锈钢基体的微观结构的影响规律，分析脱氧夹杂物的形貌和成分演变结果表明，尽管锡的熔点极低，其收得率较高;锡在硫化锰周围富集现象比较明显，夹杂物周围被锡包裹，电镜下呈白色，氧化物夹杂周围未见锡的富集;从金相分析结果发现，当锡质量分数不小于03%时，晶界析出物中锡的质量分数高于基体，即存在锡在晶界的偏析现象.     

高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢的热变形行为

采用MMS200热/力模拟机及Thermo-Calc热力学计算方法,研究了高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢在变形温度为600～1 100℃、应变速率为1～10 s-1条件下的热变形规律.结果表明,在热变形过程中,高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢的组织均以铁素体为主,不存在γ/α相变且仅仅发生较快的动态回复软化;高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢热的变形激活能为384.985 kJ/mol.在此基础上,确定了Z参数,并得到了高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢的峰值应力σp与Z参数间的关系.     

Effect of manganese sulfide on the precipitation behavior of tin in steel

Tramp elements such as tin are considered harmful to steel because of hot brittleness they induce at high temperatures. Because tramp elements retained in steel scrap will be enriched in new steel due to the difficultly of their removal, studies on the precipitation behavior of tin are essential. In this study, the effects of different inclusions on the precipitation behavior of tin in steel were studied. The results show that the tin-rich phase precipitates at austenite grain boundaries in an Fe-5%Sn alloy without MnS precipitates, whereas Sn precipitates at the boundaries of MnS inclusions in steel that contains MnS precipitates. MnS is more effective than silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide as a nucleation site for the precipitation of the tin phase, which is consistent with the disregistry between the lattice parameters of the tin phase and those of the inclusions.     

超纯铁素体不锈钢中TiN夹杂析出的热力学分析

为了控制TiN夹杂对材料性能的不利影响,对TiN在超纯铁素体不锈钢冶炼和凝固过程中析出的热力学条件进行分析。结果表明,在Cr含量为16%～23%的条件下,超纯铁素体不锈钢的最佳钛含量为0.1%～0.3%;当w（Ti）=0.3%时,将w（N）控制在0.004 6%以下才能避免在液相区中生成TiN夹杂;超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中钛的富集程度稍低于氮;凝固末期残余液相中[Ti]和[N]的浓度分别提高到其初始浓度的2.5倍和3.2倍;随着钢液的逐渐凝固,凝固前沿温度和凝固前沿钛氮平衡浓度积下降,凝固前沿钛氮实际浓度积升高;降低钢中氮含量能推迟TiN析出时间,使TiN夹杂在凝固末期形成,可减小TiN夹杂尺寸,减少其析出数量。     

电流强度对电渣重熔304不锈钢中夹杂物特征的影响

利用实验室规模电渣炉在大气气氛下重熔304不锈钢,考察了不同电流强度(1500、1800、2100A)下电渣锭中夹杂物的特征及全氧含量、硫含量变化,并对钢中硫化物的析出行为进行了热力学分析。结果表明,电渣重熔过程可以有效去除钢中的夹杂物,但随着电流强度的增大,电渣锭的全氧含量和硫含量增加,夹杂物数密度及尺寸增大,电渣锭的洁净度恶化。当电流强度较低(1500A)时,电渣锭中夹杂物主要是以氧化铝为核心、外表裹有硫化物的双层结构,未发现单个的(Mn,Cr)S夹杂;而1800A和2100A重熔时,电渣锭中不仅有以Al-Si-Ca-Ti-Cr-Mn氧化物为核心、外围包裹着(Mn,Cr)S的双层结构夹杂,而且由于电渣锭中硫含量高和凝固过程中残余液相中溶质的富集,其中还有单个(Mn,Cr)S夹杂物存在。本试验条件下,在1500A下重熔更有利于提高304不锈钢电渣锭的洁净度。     

含锡C--Mn钢中锡的析出相

利用扫描电镜/能谱仪和透射电镜表征了残余元素Sn在C--Mn钢中的存在形式,同时考察了热处理温度对含Sn析出相类型的影响.结果表明:Fe--5% Sn中Sn以第二相形式在晶界与晶内析出;Fe--1.5% Sn--0.2% S中Sn以第二相形式在直径2~4 μm的球形MnS夹杂物上异质析出.透射电镜分析和热处理实验结果表明:在Fe--5% Sn及Fe--1.5% Sn--0.2% S中MnS夹杂上析出的含Sn第二相结构为四方晶系的FeSn2相.     

Ti和Nb对18Cr-2Mo铁素体不锈钢韧脆转变温度的影响

通过真空冶炼、锻造、热轧和退火试验制备出18Cr-2Mo铁素体不锈钢,结合其冲击试验和透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及电子背散射衍射等分析结果探讨了Ti和Nb微合金化对其韧脆转变温度的影响.结果表明：在C和N含量较低的条件下,添加微量元素Ti和Nb可以显著降低18Cr 2Mo铁素体不锈钢的韧脆转变温度（降低约40 °C）,并改变热轧后的织构类型而形成(001)和(111)复合织构;通过合适的退火工艺处理,可进一步提高其冲击韧性;在热轧过程中,产生细小弥散的Ti（N, C）和Nb（C, N）相是复合织构形成的主要原因.     

Nb在现代铁素体不锈钢中的应用研究进展

Nb元素越来越多地被应用于铁素体不锈钢中以提高其性能。本文综述了Nb对铁素体不锈钢强度、韧性、耐腐蚀、抗高温氧化等性能影响的研究进展,以及国内外含Nb铁素体不锈钢在汽车、建筑、家用电器等领域中的应用现状。分析了目前我国含Nb高性能铁素体不锈钢研发中存在的主要问题,认为我国未来应重点研究新型超临界温度的含Nb耐热不锈钢等高端装备制造材料,以促进含Nb高性能铁素体不锈钢的研发和生产,改善我国不锈钢的品种结构。     

Effects of Fe content on the microstructure and properties of CuNi10FeMn1 alloy tubes fabricated by HCCM horizontal continuous casting

Heating-cooling combined mold (HCCM) horizontal continuous casting technology developed by our research group was used to produce high axial columnar-grained CuNi10FeMn1 alloy tubes with different Fe contents. The effects of Fe content (1.08wt%–2.01wt%) on the microstructure, segregation, and flushing corrosion resistance in simulated flowing seawater as well as the mechanical properties of the alloy tubes were investigated. The results show that when the Fe content is increased from 1.08wt% to 2.01wt%, the segregation degree of Ni and Fe elements increases, and the segregation coefficient of Ni and Fe elements falls from 0.92 to 0.70 and from 0.92 to 0.63, respectively. With increasing Fe content, the corrosion rate of the alloy decreases initially and then increases. When the Fe content is 1.83wt%, the corrosion rate approaches the minimum and dense, less-defect corrosion films, which contain rich Ni and Fe elements, form on the surface of the alloy; these films effectively protect the α-matrix and reduce the corrosion rate. When the Fe content is increased from 1.08wt% to 2.01wt%, the tensile strength of the alloy tube increases from 204 MPa to 236 MPa, while the elongation to failure changes slightly about 46%, indicating the excellent workability of the CuNi10FeMn1 alloy tubes.     

超纯铁素体不锈钢热变形过程中的析出行为

利用热力模拟实验机及试验轧机研究了添加Ti,V的超纯中铬铁素体不锈钢热变形过程中的析出行为变化特点,并采用热动力学计算及透射电子显微镜观察来表征析出相特征.结果表明:热变形过程中形成的析出相主要为TiC,这与热动力学分析一致.这些析出相的特征与变形温度密切相关,随着变形温度的降低,析出相TiC尺寸更加细小且分布更加弥散.这主要是由于变形温度降低时扩散速率相对较低,不利于析出相长大,而晶体缺陷增加,形变诱导析出的有效形核位置增加.这一热变形过程中的析出行为变化规律在中试试验条件下得到了验证.     

奥氏体不锈钢焊缝热裂敏感性研究

应用变形速率连续可变式热裂纹试验方法（ＶＤＲ法）研究了碳、钼和稀土元素对奥氏体不锈钢焊缝热裂敏感性的影响。试验结果表明,降低奥氏体不锈钢熔敷金属中的碳含量并加入适量的钼可显著提高焊缝的抗热裂性能。稀土元素对焊缝的抗热裂性也有显著影响,加入适量稀土能减少焊缝中夹杂物的数量和大小,改变其成分及分布,提高抗裂性。但是如果加入过量,焊缝中会形成大量稀土夹杂物,降低奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的抗裂性。     

Analysis on composition and inclusions of ballpoint pen tip steel

Ballpoint pen tip steel, a super free-cutting stainless steel, exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and good machining properties. In this study, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, metallographic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the elemental contents in five ballpoint pen tips and their components, morphologies, and inclusion distributions. The results showed that the steels were all S-Pb-Te super free-cutting ferritic stainless steel. The free-cutting phases in the steels were mainly MnS, Pb, and small amounts of PbTe. MnS inclusions were in the form of chain distributions, and the aspect ratio of each size inclusion in the chain was small. The stress concentration effect could substantially reduce the cutting force when the material was machined. Some of the Pb was distributed evenly in the steel matrix as fine particles (1-2 μm), and the rest of the Pb was distributed at the middle or at both ends of the MnS inclusions. The Pb plays a role in lubrication and melting embrittlement, which substantially increases the cutting performance. PbTe was also usually distributed in the middle and at both ends of the MnS inclusions, and Te could convert the sulfides into spindles, thereby improving the cutting performance of the steel.     

Hot deformation behavior of a Cr-containing low carbon steel in the ferrite range

A low carbon steel with Cr addition of 0.46wt% combined with trace elements of Mn and Ti was studied. The apparent activation energy of deformation and the hot deformation equation of the steel in the ferritic range were determined by means of single hot compression tests. The hot-rolled strip of 3 mm in thickness rolled in the ferritic range was obtained using a laboratory hot rolling mill. The mechanical properties show that the values of yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are 230 and 330 MPa, respectively, and the elongation is 33%. The average r-value is 1.1. Large polygonal ferrite recrystallization grains with about 40 grn in size and the strong { 111 } recrystallization texture can be obtained in the hot-rolled strip.     

超纯奥氏体不锈钢00Cr25Ni22Mo2N非敏化态晶间腐蚀与磷(硅)的晶界偏聚

运用金相、电子显微镜观察及表面分析技术,研究了超纯奥氏体不锈钢00Cr25Ni22Mo2N制造的汽提管在尿素生产环境下的腐蚀形态和机理。结果表明:该钢种在生产条件下产生非敏化态晶间腐蚀。其特征是腐蚀介质不仅沿晶界向钢的内部渗入,而且同时向晶界的两侧扩展,因而在管断面上观察到的晶间腐蚀路径较宽,但深度较浅并呈现漏斗形貌。电子显微镜观察、二次离子质谱、俄歇能谱分析及计算表明,这种材料晶界不贫铬、无第二相沉淀,但有磷(硅)的高度偏聚。晶界区磷的含量(约25％)比晶内高约三个数量级。作者认为,磷的晶界偏聚造成的与晶内在腐蚀电解质溶液中的电位差,是这种超纯奥氏体不锈钢非敏化态晶间腐蚀的原因。     

奥氏体焊缝热裂纹形成机理的研究──成分对25%Cr-20%Ni奥氏体焊缝热裂倾向的影响

为了弄清影响热裂纹产生的基本因素及机理，采用点焊拘束试验对 ２５－２０型及１８－ ８型奥氏体焊缝的热裂敏感性进行了试验，并对裂纹断口形貌和元素在晶间的偏析情况进 行了研究。根据含 Ｓ为 ０．０２３％的 １８－８型焊缝热裂纹断口形貌特征分析了结晶过程中 σ相对提高抗热裂性能的有利作用。确定了 Ｍｎ和 Ｒｅ对 ２５－２０型奥氏体焊缝热裂倾 向的影响规律。     

铁素体不锈钢在盐酸溶液中的缓蚀行为控制

通过电化学方法、失重曲线和SEM分析，考察了铁素体不锈钢在盐酸溶液中的腐蚀过程，重点分析了SDS和SAD两种缓蚀剂对盐酸溶液中不锈钢腐蚀行为的控制作用.研究结果表明:不锈钢在单一盐酸溶液中始终保持活性溶解状态，腐蚀方式以均匀腐蚀为主，沿晶界处易发生晶间腐蚀.SDS和SAD缓蚀剂均为界面型缓蚀剂，其缓蚀效率存在极大值.当缓蚀剂质量分数为0015%时，两种缓蚀剂均表现出良好的缓蚀性能，可降低不锈钢在盐酸溶液中的腐蚀速度.在相同浓度条件下，SAD缓蚀效率高于SDS缓蚀剂.