低真空对电渣重熔工艺和铸锭质量的影响

脱氧和夹杂物控制是电渣重熔钢锭质量提升的关键.分别在氩气保护的常压和低真空(10 kPa)条件下重熔H13电极,结合热力学计算,分析了低真空对电渣重熔工艺过程和铸锭质量的影响.结果表明,相比常压,低真空条件下渣池含气率升高,熔速波动更剧烈,所得电渣锭表面质量较差.常压和低真空条件制得电渣锭中总w_O分别为24×10^-6和18×10^-6,碳脱氧反应随压力降低而加强,并逐渐取代铝脱氧.相比Al-O平衡,10 kPa条件下与电极中w_C平衡的溶解w_O更低,因而能够进一步降低钢锭中w_O.碳脱氧产物是CO气体,不会引入新的夹杂物.常压和低真空条件制得电渣锭中夹杂物的类型没有明显区别,最大夹杂物尺寸从14.9μm分别减小到10.5μm和8.3μm,等效直径小于3μm的夹杂物检出比分别为63.85%和75.91%.低真空条件能够进一步细化夹杂物,提高钢锭洁净度.     

气氛保护电渣重熔GH4169的冶金质量及锻造性能分析

本文以VIM工艺制备的GH4169合金电极棒为试验原料,通过试验研究了气氛保护电渣重熔(Ar气)条件下GH4169合金电渣锭的冶金质量,并与非气氛保护电渣重熔进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,采用气氛保护电渣重熔制备的GH4169电渣锭C、Al、Ti等易氧化元素收得率和均匀性分布明显好于非气氛保护电渣重熔锭;气氛保护脱氧效果好于非气氛保护,气氛保护条件下电渣锭中O含量降低到10ppm,非气氛保护条件下电渣锭中O含量增加到15ppm;气氛保护条件下脱S效果略低于非气氛保护条件,气氛保护条件下电渣锭中S降低到11ppm,非气氛保护条件下电渣锭中S含量降低到9ppm;气氛保护电渣重熔锭整体冶金质量高于非气氛保护电渣锭,锻造热加工性能良好。     

4种钢在含硫拜耳液中的腐蚀行为

通过高温浸泡腐蚀实验、动电位极化曲线法和循环伏安法研究比较16Mn低合金钢、A3碳钢、304L和316L不锈钢在含硫拜耳液中的腐蚀行为。研究结果表明:4种钢在含硫拜耳液中的腐蚀速率从小到大依次为:316L不锈钢、304L不锈钢、A3碳钢和16Mn低合金钢。16Mn低合金钢和A3碳钢在含硫拜耳液中均发生铁的活性溶解使极限电流密度显著增大,与表面形成不稳定的铁硫化物有关,因而耐S2-腐蚀性差。304L和316L能在较低电位下发生钝化,与不锈钢中含Cr,Ni和Mo等合金元素有关,为含硫拜耳液的耐腐蚀性材料。     

电渣重熔与连铸轴承钢中的夹杂物

研究了电渣熔前后钢中氧及夹杂物的变化。结果表明，用电渣重熔工艺生产同承钢，虽然氧含量比连铸钢高，但其大颗粒夹杂物数量少，尺寸较小，分布均匀，因此疲劳寿命高。     

电渣重熔1Mn18Cr18N护环钢补缩过程的温度变化规律

以电渣重熔准稳态过程的温度场为初始条件,采用ANSYS与CFX商业软件相结合的方法,研究分析了电渣重熔补缩过程中的温度分布,考察了无补缩操作、直线降流方式和阶梯降流方式三种条件下电渣锭热节的最终位置.结果表明:在无补缩操作条件下,电渣锭热节附近糊状区离渣-金界面的最远距离为162 mm,直线降流方式距离为130 mm,大阶梯降流方式距离为70 mm,而小阶梯降流方式的热节位置几乎保持不变.因此,阶梯降流方式更有利于1Mn18Cr18N护环钢电渣重熔补缩工艺的顺利进行.     

改善D2钢冶金质量的工艺研究

研究了锻比和锭型尺寸对D2钢共晶碳化物不均匀度以及精炼工艺和重熔电极表面条件对钢中氧含量的影响规律。结果显示锻比和锭型尺寸对D2钢共晶碳化物不均匀度显著影响:锻比在2—8的范围内D2钢Φ1100mm电渣锭共晶碳化物不均匀度评级随着锻比的增加而降低,而同一锻比条件下D2钢共晶碳化物不均匀度则随着锭型尺寸的增加而增加;LF+VD精炼工艺可以控制D2钢中氧含量≤16×10-6(ppm);电极表面状况对D2电渣钢含氧量有较大影响:采用黑皮电极重熔成的电渣锭氧含量比车光电极多增加了25%。     

电渣重熔连续定向凝固FGH96合金非金属夹杂物研究

本文通过真空感应熔炼＋惰性气氛保护电渣重熔连续定向凝固制备FGH96合金,对FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物进行对比研究。结果表明,活泼元素Al、Ti、Zr、Ce、B等有轻微的烧损,主要元素含量都在合金要求的范围之内,氧含量略有降低,达到了真空熔炼的水平,氮含量有较大幅度的降低,主要存在两种类型的夹杂物,呈球形的夹杂物是Al、Ti、Mg的复合氧化物和TiN。图像统计分析结果表明,和传统电渣重熔相比,电渣重熔连续定向凝固工艺重熔后FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物面积百分比、100个视场中的夹杂物个数降低了50%以上,夹杂物的最大尺寸由16μm降低到5.5μm,这主要是与熔池的形状、深度和结晶方式有较大关系,传统电渣重熔过程中金属熔池的形状是V字形,深度约占铸锭直径的50%左右,而电渣重熔连续定向凝固过程中形成的熔池呈扁平状,深度占直径10-20%。     

电渣重熔对42 CrMo 钢中夹杂物的影响及 CCT 曲线研究

采用BX51M型金相显微镜和和Image Pro-Plus软件研究电渣重熔后优化成分的42CrMo钢中非金属夹杂物情况,并在Gleeble3000热模拟机上测定其连续冷却相转变( CCT)曲线.研究结果表明：电渣重熔后明显减少钢中夹杂物的数目,改善钢中夹杂物的尺寸,夹杂物去除率达到71.90%;同时根据热膨胀曲线和金相组织绘制出42CrMo钢的CCT曲线,冷却速度较低时组织为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体,冷却速度较大时组织为马氏体和少量贝氏体.     

电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢中碳化物的影响

研究电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢凝固组织和碳化物偏析的影响.采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪等分析凝固组织及碳化物的特征.研究发现,钢锭的凝固组织均为马氏体组织、残余奥氏体及一次碳化物.H13钢电渣锭中主要析出的一次碳化物为V8C7、MC、M23 C6及M6C.随着冷却强度增加,电渣锭边部碳化物的尺寸减小且分布更加均匀,但是碳化物的类型不发生变化.电渣重熔过程中冷却强度增加促进钢中镁对夹杂物的变性能力,经过镁变性后生成的MgO· Al2O3为TiN的析出提供形核质点,MgO· Al2 O3和TiN的复合夹杂物能够促进一次碳化物异质形核,从而细化一次碳化物.     

精炼渣碱度对304不锈钢中夹杂物的影响

实验室条件下模拟304不锈钢冶炼中的AOD工位,采用硅铁做终脱氧剂,选择CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaF2五元渣系,考察了精炼渣碱度对304不锈钢中夹杂物的影响.实验中发现,随精炼渣碱度的增大,钢中全氧质量分数降低,夹杂物的总数、总面积和平均半径减小,说明高碱度渣对304不锈钢中的脱氧产物吸附以及对细小夹杂物的生成有利;碱度大于2的精炼渣处理效果明显优于碱度为1.5的实验渣系,建议现场采用碱度大于2的渣系处理钢液.     

A coupled model of TiN inclusion growth in GCr15SiMn during solidification in the electroslag remelting process

TiN inclusions observed in an ingot produced by electroslag remelting (ESR) are extremely harmful to GCr15SiMn steel. There-fore, accurate predictions of the growth size of these inclusions during steel solidification are significant for clean ESR ingot production. On the basis of our previous work, a coupled model of solute microsegregation and TiN inclusion growth during solidification has been estab-lished. The results demonstrate that compared to a non-coupled model, the coupled model predictions of the size of TiN inclusions are in good agreement with experimental results using scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Because of high cooling rate, the sizes of TiN inclusions in the edge area of the ingots are relatively small compared to the sizes in the center area. Dur-ing the ESR process, controlling the content of Ti in the steel is a feasible and effective method of decreasing the sizes of TiN inclusions.     

Fabrication of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with excellent mechanical and pitting corrosion properties

A series of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels were successfully developed with a pressurized electroslag remelting furnace. Nitride additives and deoxidizer were packed into the stainless steel pipes, and then the stainless steel pipes were welded on the surface of an electrode with low nitrogen content to prepare a compound electrode. Using Si₃N₄ as a nitrogen alloying source, the silicon contents in the ingots were prone to be out of the specification range, the electric current fluctuated greatly and the surface qualities of the ingots were poor. The surface qualities of the ingots were improved with FeCrN as a nitrogen alloying source. The sound and compact macrostructure ingot with the maximum nitrogen content of 1.21wt% can be obtained. The 18Cr18Mn2Mo0.9N high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel exhibits high strength and good ductility at room temperature. The steel shows typical ductile-brittle transition behavior and excellent pitting corrosion resistance properties.     

Fe-Al基金属间化合物的电渣重熔工艺

通过适当的非真空冶炼＋电渣重熔工艺,制备了含Ｃｒ的Ｆｅ３Ａ１基金属间化合物合金． 实验发现,选择适当的热输入工艺参数,电渣重熔过程极大地降低了Ｆｅ３Ａ１基金属间化合物合 金中的Ｓ,Ｏ,Ｈ,Ｐ等杂质元素的含量,改善了析出相的大小与分布．铸锭具有良好的热加工性能, 经锻造和中温热机械处理后,纵向室温延伸率分别超过８％和１０％,屈服强度超过４００ＭＰａ,断 裂强度达到 ７００ ＭＰａ,力学性能与同类真空冶炼大体积材料的性能相当．     

Characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel during electroslag remelting process

The characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel refined by electroslag remelting (ESR) were investigated by image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the size of almost all the inclusions observed in ESR ingots is less than 5 μm. Inclusions smaller than 3 μm take nearly 75% of the total inclusions observed in each ingot. Inclusions observed in ESR ingots are pure AlN as dominating precipitates and some fine spherical Al₂O₃ inclusions with a size of 1 μm or less. It is also found that protective gas operation and slag deoxidation treatment during ESR process have significant effects on the number of inclusions smaller than 2 μm but little effects on that of inclusions larger than 2 μm. Thermodynamic calculations show that AlN inclusions are unable to precipitate in the liquid metal pool under the present experimental conditions, while the precipitation of AlN inclusions could take place at the solidifying front due to the microsegregation of Al and N in liquid steel during solidification.     

T型导电结晶器电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的数值模拟

基于新开发的电渣重熔空心钢锭技术,建立了渣池和空心钢锭的三维准稳态数学模型.利用商业软件ANSYS模拟并得到了非导电和导电结晶器工况下,电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的电磁场、流场与温度场.计算结果表明:导电结晶器工况下,渣池的电流密度和焦耳热最大值均出现在T型结晶器的导电段部分,导电结晶器附近的熔池流动速度较快,渣池的温度场更为均匀,金属熔池形状更为浅平.导电结晶器在交换电极时持续保持渣池和金属熔池温度,能够避免渣池温度迅速下降而导致靠近结晶器壁的钢水迅速凝固而出现渣沟,可大大提高钢锭的凝固质量和表面质量.     

Effect of mold rotation on the bifilar electroslag remelting process

A novel electroslag furnace with a rotating mold was fabricated, and the effects of mold rotational speed on the electroslag remelting process were investigated. The results showed that the chemical element distribution in ingots became uniform and that their compact density increased when the mold rotational speed was increased from 0 to 28 r/min. These results were attributed to a reasonable mold speed, which resulted in a uniform temperature in the slag pool and scattered the metal droplets randomly in the metal pool. However, an excessive rotational speed caused deterioration of the solidification structure. When the mold rotational speeds was increased from 0 to 28 r/min, the size of Al₂O₃ inclusions in the electroslag ingot decreased from 4.4 to 1.9 μm. But the excessive mold rotational speed would decrease the ability of the electroslag remelting to remove the inclusions. The remelting speed gradually increased, which resulted in reduced power consumption with increasing mold rotational speed. This effect was attributed to accelerated heat exchange between the consumable electrode and the molten slag, which resulted from mold rotation. Nevertheless, when the rotational speed reached 28 r/min, the remelting speed did not change because of limitations of metal heat conduction. Mold rotation also improved the surface quality of the ingots by promoting a uniform temperature distribution in the slag pool.     

CrNiMoV钢电渣重熔过程中镁的控制

研究了电渣重熔过程中ＣｒＮｉＭｏＶ钢中镁含量的控制技术，结果表明：最佳的渣系为６２％ＣａｓＦ２－１０％Ａｌ２Ｏ－１２％ＣａＯ－１６％ＭｇＯ；脱氧剂加入量为１ｋｇ钢加入１．５ｇＣａＳｉ；采用较高镁含 电极和较主同的重熔电流有助于获得设计镁含量的重熔锭。