烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

氧化锌矿物浸出渣中铅、锶的提取及动力学分析

NH₄HCO₃ conversion followed by HCl leaching was performed and proven to be effective in extracting Pb and Sr from zinc extracted residual. The mechanism and operating conditions of NH₄HCO₃ conversion, including molar ratio of NH₄HCO₃ to zinc extracted residual, NH₄HCO₃ concentration, conversion temperature, conversion time, and stirring velocity, were discussed, and operating conditions were optimized by the orthogonal test. Experimental results indicate that NH₄HCO₃ conversion at temperatures ranging from 25 to 85°C follows the shrinking unreacted core model and is controlled by inner diffusion through the product layer. The extraction ratios of Pb and Sr under optimized conditions reached 85.15% and 87.08%, respectively. Moreover, the apparent activation energies of Pb and Sr were 13.85 and 13.67 kJ·mol?1, respectively.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

采用超声组装与滚压工艺制备铝–碳纳米管复合材料

This study introduced a novel fabrication of aluminum–carbon nanotube (CNT) composites by employing bulk acoustic waves and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). In this method, CNT particles were aligned using ultrasonic standing wave in an aqueous media, and the arrayed particles were precipitated on the aluminum plate substrate. Then, the plates rolled on each other through the ARB process with four passes. Optical and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the effective aligning of CNTs on the aluminum substrate with a negligible deviation of arrayed CNTs through the ARB process. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the developed composites showed no peaks for carbon and aluminum carbide. In addition, tensile tests showed that the longitudinal strength of the specimens processed with aligned CNTs was significantly greater than that of the specimens with common randomly dispersed particles. The proposed technique is beneficial for the fabrication of Al–CNT composites with directional mechanical strength.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

农药残留问题的过去、现在和将来

 农产品中的农药残留是食品安全的一个重要方面。化学农药自1938年开始在世界上推广应用,20世纪50年代末农药残留问题凸现。1962年出版的Silent Spring一书揭开了农药残留问题的序幕。随着农药毒理学的发展,食品中农药残留也越来越引起社会的重视。食品中最大农药残留限量(MRL)标准,从20世纪60年代到21世纪10年代的60年间下降了100倍。本文从急性参考剂量(ARfD)毒性评估标准的出现、农药毒理学的发展、同类农药的累积毒性、农药手性化合物的毒性差异等方面,讨论未来农药残留面临的新挑战。提出风险评估、探明污染源、清洁化生产、无公害治理等可作为农产品中农药残留的主要阻控技术。     

浙江温州、镇海和福建九龙江沉积微型硅藻的初步研究

利用透射电镜研究了温州早、中全新世剖面,九龙江地区晚全新世中期剖面和镇海晚全新世剖面的微型硅藻(细胞大小为2～20μm)的组成和丰度.共计硅藻14属20种(包括变种).Cyclotellacaspia是九龙江地区晚全新世中期剖面中的优势种;温州中全新世剖面的优势种为Cyclotellastriata;温州早全新世剖面和镇海晚全新世剖面中Thalassionemanitzschioides是优势种.微型硅藻在几个剖面中所占的比例变化较大,以在九龙江地区晚全新世中期剖面所占的比例最高,可达77.4%,表明微型硅藻在沉积硅藻中占有重要的地位.     

草原火烧后植物群落生产及其产量空间结构的变化

研究了草原火烧后植物群落生产及其产量空间结构的变化。结果表明,草原春季火一,由于当降水充分,火烧地植物群落产生提高;第二年降水不足,火 植物群落产量低于未烧地。火烧地植群落地上生产量的绝对增长率高于未烧地。火 植物群落地下生物量在火烧后当年升高,第二年降低。     

中日信托法差异比较

信托产生于公元前 1世纪 ,是罗马法中继承法制度的一部分 ,信托制度在英国得到发展和完善。日本移植和吸收英国的信托制度 ,目前日本信托业的发展已超过英国。中国于 2 0 0 1年 10月颁布信托法。文章通过对中国信托法和日本信托法进行比较 ,以期对中国信托法的进一步完善提出建议。     

中国凫溪香鱼与日本琵琶湖香鱼的种间差异

通过对中国凫溪香鱼与日本琵琶湖、冲绳香鱼的形态特征比较研究，三者之间种间差异显著。凫溪香鱼与琵琶湖香鱼２４个项目中，有４项差异显著，１３项差异极显著。凫溪香鱼与冲绳香鱼可数性状５项，全部有显著差异；１０项频数分布有６项存在着差异。凫溪香鱼是一个既不同于琵琶湖型，又不同于琉球群岛型的地方种群。     

烟煤快速加氢热解研究——半焦,挥发分和焦油等生成行为的考察

烟煤快速加氢热解,除获取轻质烃和甲烷等气,液产品外,还得到半焦,焦油和水,半焦中残留挥发分。在氢气氛中快速热解生成半焦中的挥发分低于氮气氛,残留挥发分的多少是衡量快速热解反应程度的标志。加氢热解后生成半焦的堆密度仅为原煤的１／３．５,活性半焦直接加氢反应生成甲烷是引起半焦密度减小的主要原因之一。轻质烃产率与焦油生成量有关,焦油加氢二次反应是轻质烃生成的主要途径。氢气氛中热解生成的水多于氮气氛,气相     

基督教新教在北京的传播及其演进历程

基督教新教是１６世纪初期在宗教改革运动中脱离天主教而形成的派别,是基督教三大派别之一。其创始人是德国维登堡大学神学教授马丁．路德。１９世纪初期基督教新新教传教士开始到中国传教,１８４０年鸦片战争以后,新教传教士凭借着不平等条约所赋予的特权纷纷进入我国内地传教。１８６１年,亲行政雒魏林在伦敦布道会的派遣下,首先来到北京创了传教事业。从此,基督教新教在北京传播开来。     

茶园土壤中铅形态分布与茶叶中铅质量分数关系的研究

基于茶园土壤中0～100 cm剖面不同层位各种形态铅及茶叶样品中总铅质量分数(w)的测定分析结果,定量分析了各种形态铅在不同土壤层位中的叫及其分布特点,同时利用灰色关联度分析方法,估算了土壤剖面不同层位中5个形态铅即可交换态(EXE)、碳酸盐结合态(CA)、铁锰氧化物结合态(OX)、有机结合态(OM)和残渣态(REX)的w与茶叶中总铅硼的相关性.研究结果显示:茶园土壤中不同形态铅w在所测剖面范围内的平均值由大到小排序为:叫(REX):>w(OX)>硼(0M)>w(CA)>w(EXE);同一剖面内铅的分布特点为:w(EXE),w(OM),w(REX)为表层高于底层,w(CA)和w(OX)则是底层高于表层;各形态铅所占总铅的比例,随其在土壤剖面各层中w值的变化而变化,其中 EXE铅在各土壤层中所占比例最小,REX铅所占比例最大(除底层外);灰色关联度分析结果显示,茶叶中的铅叫与不同形态铅在土壤各层中的w均呈正相关,但关联度最大的是EXE铅,其次为OM铅,且以表层土壤中的铅对茶叶中铅的w影响最大.     

广西4个港湾海洋环境质量现状调查

分别在1996年夏冬季对广西沿岸铁山港、廉洲湾、钦州湾、防城湾海洋环境质量现状进行调查,调查测站29个,其中河口区3个,港口区5个,养殖区7个,浅海区14个。调查项目包括PH值、溶解氧、化学耗氧量、油类、Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,无机磷、无机氮、硫化物和有机质。除近岸局部区域外,大部分海域的水质符合一类海洋水水质标准,港湾沉积物和生物体污染较轻,海洋环境质量状况良好。廉洲湾海域的污染要比其他3个港湾的严重。     

广西北海海域潮下带底栖贝类物种组成及时空分布

为了解北海海域潮下带底栖贝类的分布特征，给底栖贝类的保护、开发和利用提供参考，本研究采用潜水员水肺潜水、海底样方定量采集方法，对北海市廉州湾、侨港、白龙和营盘等4个海区潮下带底栖贝类的种类、数量及时空分布特征进行调查。结果表明，北海海域4个海区潮下带底栖贝类有2纲9目31科60属102种，其中腹足纲(Gastropoda)13科14属17种，双壳纲(Bivalvia)18科46属85种。春季有55种底栖贝类，秋季有76种，春季和秋季共有的种类有29种。秋季的廉州湾海区底栖贝类种类数和个体数都是最少的，秋季的侨港海区出现的底栖贝类种类数最多，个体数最多的出现在春季的营盘海区。平均栖息密度最高的是春季的营盘海区，达到27.35个/m²，平均栖息密度最低的是春季的廉州湾海区，只有1.00个/m²。春、秋两季4个海区的优势种差异较大。多项生物多样性指数结果表明,春季的营盘海区底栖贝类生物多样性差，底栖贝类群落结构处于重度受干扰状态；秋季的4个海区底栖贝类生物多样性较丰富，秋季的底栖贝类群落结构总体处于比较健康的状态。