复杂系统优化设计的分解协调法（之二）

设计一个由若干子系统组成的复杂系统，既要满足各子系统的设计目标，又要顾及各子系统之间的相互依存相互制约关系。本文提出适用于这类复杂系统优化设计的三种分解协调方法。本篇（之二）介绍其中的非可行分解法和混合法、并给出在配用动静压轴承的磨床主轴系统设计中的应用实例．     

用于工程系统设计的一个二层优化方法

结合线性分解法和模型协调法提出了一个适用于一般工程系统设计的优化方法。该法将原系统分解为若干较小的子系统和一个协调系统，使在原系统内形成一个二层（分别称为系统层和子系统层）结构关系。每个子系统有自己的目标函数、设计变量和约束条件。对给定的系统层设计变量，各子系统可以单独进行优化设计。各子系统的优化结果通过协调系统协调最终获得原问题的最优解。该法可以在平行计算机或分布式计算机上实现．其正确性和有效性通过３个优化实例得到了验证。     

非线性奇异摄动系统的二阶滑模控制

根据奇异摄动理论和变结构控制方法，将复杂非线性系统分解为不同时标的降阶子系统，并运用能有效消除抖振的二阶滑模次优控制算法设计各子系统的控制器，实现了不确定复杂系统的无抖振组合控制．利用奇异系统的特点，分别设计快慢子系统的二阶滑模控制器，最后得到了复合控制，实现了整个系统的控制．文中给出了整个系统的稳定性证明，仿真结果证明了所提方法的有效性．     

基于辅助问题原理及内点法的分区并行最优潮流算法

针对大电网在最优化问题计算中存在计算时间长、矩阵维数高等问题，按照电力系统的实际地理分布，在某些联络线处将整个电网分解为多个相对独立的子系统，子系统问通过边界节点产生的约束条件进行协调，建立了一个基于辅助问题原理（APP）的多分区并行最优潮流计算模型．应用APP方法，将大电网最优潮流问题转化为多个规模相对较小子系统的并行协调优化问题，在每个子系统中采用跟踪中心轨迹内点法求解子系统的优化问题．测试算例的计算结果表明，该算法减少了整个问题的矩阵维数，降低了问题的求解难度，具有较强的收敛性、快速性和实用性．     

多指手的协调控制

根据手指和物体间相互作用的关系，把控制任务进行分解，每个手指作为一个子系统，由低层控制器控制，各子系统由协调层协调，各控制层只完成被分解的较为简单的任务，这种控制结构可以方便地采用多机控制，避免因计算速度太慢而造成的困难，控制算法和控制系统的设计也较为简单。     

能量系统环境Yong经济分解协调优化策略

按照能量系统（能量转换系统）的Yong流及废物流变化特征，将系统划分为能量转换主子系统及废物治理子系统，在此基础上，探讨了废物Yong计价策略，并通过环境和Yong经济学的结合，提出了同时考虑热力学和经济学和环境三个目标的环境Yong经济优化目标及相应的约束条件；同时也提出了能量系统的分解协调环境Yong经济学优化策略，在子系统分别优化的基础上协调，达到系统全局的优化。     

发动机活塞环自动包装流水线的创新设计

用系统论方法对活塞环自动包装流水线的设计进行了系统分析，着重从包装功能方面阐述了系统的分解、子系统的匹配和协调。     

三峡库区秭归县可持续发展水平测度的指标体系

县域可持续发展要求县域复合大系统中各子系统内部及各子系统之间实现可持续发展，将复合大系统分解为产业经济子系统、自然资源子系统、生态环境子系统、人口子系统。在确立衡量县域可持续发展标准的基础上，以三峡库区秭归县为例，运用多指标层次法建立了秭归县可持续发展水平测度的指标体系。     

基于计算代数和图分解的几何约束求解技术

满足几何约束是参数化设计中的中心问题。在许多应用中 ,需要找到约束系统的全部解。基于计算代数的方法可以实现这个目的 ,但其弱点在于计算复杂。利用图分解和计算代数相结合的方法对约束系统进行求解。通过图分解 ,将一个约束系统分解成为许多子系统 ,利用吴方法等技术求出各子系统的解 ,将各子系统的解结合从而求出整个约束系统的全部解。该方法比单纯利用计算代数求解高效 ,并且不会改变约束系统的解集。实验结果表明 ,该方法可以有效地求解某些约束系统     

叠层圆盘系统松脱分析

对承受离心和过盈双重作用的圆盘系统建立一种新的弹性解析模型．与以往采用的应力法不同，利用相对位移建立松脱奈件．单过盈情况下，基于离心效应分解过盈量，残余过盈等价于实际过盈；采用叠装方法分解多圆盘系统，定义逐级传递的附加过盈作用．在顺次求解各子系统基础上，应用叠加原理，得出圆盘的实际状态．     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Editorial note for the special topic on ＂Nanopore Analysis＂

The concept of nanopore analysis, using the pore-forming protein a-hemolysin to detect individual nucleic acids at a single-molecule level, was first proposed in 1996. Over the past two decades, tremendous progress has been made in the nanopore field, and nanopore analysis has become a label-free and high-throughput method for probing bio- molecules and other analytes with single-molecule sensi- tivity, especially holds the promising for ＂third generation＂ DNA sequencing. However, challenges still remain in the experimental strategies and the design of whole nanopore-based instruments. Here, we proudly present a special topic dedicated to the topic of ＂Nanopore Analysis＂, with 8 reviews/articles providing up to date coverage of the experimental strategies, theoretical calcu- lations and simulations, and instrument design. Reviews and articles on the experimental strategies cover control of DNA partitioning into a nanopore, detection of target DNA, and the advantages of nanopore-based DNA sequencing. The theoretical calculations and simulations discuss the translocation behavior of DNA, and an inte- grated measurement system and data analysis software are presented for instrument design.     

Effects of climate change on biodiversity

1 Rise of studies on climate change＇s effects on biodiversity
Until the 1980s, climate change and biodiversity were studied as two independent disciplines for more than a century. In 1992, the Ecological Society of America＇s annual report named climate change, biodiversity, and the sustainable ecological system as the three major global environmental issues of the twenty-first century [1].     

Discussing the Expansive Learning in Modern Organizations

<正>1 Introduction Endeavours on learning methods have long occupied the mind spaces of scholars and there have been theories abound on how people learn and in what way organisations can use some of the knowledge gained in the art of learning to maximise human productivity.While the theories by themselves are not solutions to problems,they are steps of inquiry that provide us with interesting perspectives that we can use to extend our knowledge of the dimensions of learning.This paper is an exploratory work on the theories postulated by three notable scholars including Zimmerman