微孔聚氨酯泡沫超声强化化学镀铜的研究

为研制金属泡沫材料电沉积制备所需的导电泡沫基体,以孔径为0.3 mm的微孔聚氨酯泡沫为基体进行化学镀铜新工艺研究。探讨镀液组成、温度、pH及超声强化对化学镀铜工艺的影响,得出化学镀铜优化工艺条件如下:硫酸铜质量浓度为16 g/L,酒石酸钾钠质量浓度为30 g/L,Na2EDTA质量浓度为20 g/L,α,α′-联吡啶质量浓度为25 mg/L,亚铁氰化钾质量浓度为25 mg/L,PEG-1000质量浓度为1 g/L,甲醛含量为5 mL/L,镀液pH为12.5~13.0,温度为50℃。在此条件下,镀液稳定性好,镀层光亮平整,镀速可达0.102 mg/min;超声强化可有效提高镀速20%~30%;化学镀铜后的导电泡沫基体经电沉积工艺可制备得到孔隙率为92.2%的三维网状金属泡沫材料。     

ABS塑料化学镀铜工艺的研究

用乙二醛取代传统化学镀铜中的甲醛作为还原剂,研究了化学镀铜的基本工艺,揭示了络合剂用量、乙二醛用量、pH对铜沉积速度、镀液稳定性及镀层结构等的影响.确定了最佳工艺条件为酒石酸氢钾质量浓度27g/L、乙二醛体积分数5%、镀液的最佳pH为10.9.表面SEM观察显示,镀层均匀、光亮.     

关于化学镀铜添加剂的研究(一)

本文研究了化学镀铜中各种添加剂的作用。对某些含氮基化合物、含氧基化合物、含硫基化合物作为添加剂进行了实验。从实验结果比较了镀液稳定性、析出速度、镀层厚度等特性。从而得出含硫基化合物、含氮基化合物作为添加剂时镀液稳定性好,它们可能和铜离子形成络合物或螯合物,并做了两种添加剂配合使用的镀液稳定性和析出速度实验。另外还探讨了关于添加剂添加量、镀液温度、镀覆时间、镀膜厚度等条件的相互关系。     

酒石酸钾钠和EDTA·2Na盐化学镀铜体系

研究了酒石酸钾钠(TART)和EDTA·2Na盐双络合化学镀铜体系中各因素对沉铜速度稳定性及镀层附着力的影响. 实验结果表明: 化学镀铜速度随着络合剂酒石酸钾钠和EDTA·2Na盐浓度以及施镀时间的增加而减小, 随着硫酸铜浓度、甲醛浓度、溶液pH值和反应温度的增加而增加;添加剂α, α'-联吡啶、亚铁氰化钾和PEG-1000对镀铜速度的影响较小, 但对铜镀层外观质量影响较大. 其化学镀铜最佳条件为: CuSO4·5H2O质量浓度为16 g/L, EDTA·2Na盐为21 g/L, 酒石酸钾钠为16 g/L, 甲醛为5.0 g/L, 亚铁氰化钾为70 mg/L, α, α'-联吡啶为8 mg/L, PEG-1000为1 g/L, pH值为12.75, 镀液温度为50 ℃. 在最佳条件下, 化学镀铜30 min后所得镀层附着力良好、外观红亮且镀速达到3.4 μm/h. 由扫描电镜照片可见: 镀层表面平整、光滑、晶粒细致.     

竹炭粉表面超声波化学镀铜的研究

以硫酸铜为主盐、甲醛为还原剂,采用超声波辅助化学镀铜的方法,对竹炭粉表面进行镀铜工艺研究,并采用扫描电镜及能谱仪对镀铜竹炭表面结构和镀层成分进行分析。 采用化学镀铜工艺条件为：细小颗粒竹炭粉(d<0.08 mm),施镀过程的前5 min不加载超声波,之后加载20 min超声波,主盐硫酸铜质量浓度15 g/L、还原剂甲醛体积浓度为25 mL/L 、镀液pH=12、施镀温度60 ℃,可获得表面载铜率32.3 %、体积电阻率0.16 Ω·cm的镀铜竹炭粉,且镀铜竹炭比表面积降低。     

96Al2O3瓷上化学镀铜工艺和机理的研究

首次全面系统地报告：对国产９６Ａｌ２Ｏ３瓷进行了化学镀铜，测试和研究了它们的各种性能，采用外加添加剂的方法研究了各种化学镀液的稳定性；用微量天平称重法研究了沉积速度、模厚与镀液组成、稳定剂的关系；用可焊性测试原理的润湿力法研究了铜膜的抗氧化性和可焊性；用直接引拉法测试基片与铜膜的附着力，研究了附着力与粗化、化学镀速的关系，研制结果表明国内生产的９６Ａｌ２Ｏ３瓷，完全可以化学镀铜制成印刷线路板，投入     

氧化锌、氧化亚锡的复合化学镀铜

研究了氧化锌、氧化亚锡两种固体微粒复合化学镀铜的工艺条件。重点探讨了镀液温度、p H值、Zn O及 Sn O浓度对黑碳钢表面复合化学镀铜层耐磨性的影响。结果是 :对 Cu- Zn O镀层 ,当镀液温度为 6 5°C、p H值为 1 2 .5、Zn O含量为 1 0 g/ L时镀层质量最好 ;对 Cu- Sn O镀层 ,当镀液温度为 70°C、p H值为 1 2 .5、Sn O含量为 5g/ L时镀层质量最好。同时 ,本文对 Cu、Cu- Zn O及 Cu- Sn O三种不同镀层的抗氧化性、耐磨性、镀层与基体的结合力作了比较 ,发现三种镀层与基体材料的结合力很强 ,而以 Cu- Sn O镀层抗氧化性及耐磨性为最佳。     

氧化铝陶瓷基板化学镀铜雾化淬火活化新工艺

为减少氧化铝陶瓷基板化学镀铜过程中强腐蚀性药品和贵金属的使用,对氧化铝陶瓷基材进行除油处理,通过雾化淬火活化工艺使基材表面附着上一层镍层,再进行预镀,最后进行化学镀铜。采用正交实验对基材热处理温度、热处理时间、预镀液温度和预镀时间工艺参数进行了优化,通过扫描电镜能谱分析、超声波和热震实验对镍活化层和镍镀层的形貌及性能进行了表征。结果表明：基材热处理时间4 min、基材热处理温度450℃,NiSO₄与NaH₂PO₂预镀液温度55℃、预镀时间5 min时镀层完全覆盖,基体活化后表面生成一层均匀的平均直径70 nm的胞状镍微粒,预镀后基材表面形成一层结合力较强的蜂窝状镍层。施镀后,镀层表面微观结构紧凑,结合性较好。     

ABS塑料低温快速化学镀铜的研究

提出了在碱性条件下，以甲醛为还原剂，酒石酸钾钠和ＥＤＴＡ为络合剂，硝酸铅和碘化钾为稳定剂的适宜于ＡＢＳ塑料表面化学镀铜的工艺。在该条件下施镀，镀速快，可镀厚铜，镀层光亮，镀液稳定，且由于施镀温度较低，极有利于在ＡＢＳ表面施镀。     

超声波化学镀铜制备钼铜复合粉体

利用超声波化学镀铜技术在钼粉表面进行化学镀铜;探讨预处理、超声波和施镀工艺对钼粉表面化学镀铜的影响;利用X射线衍射判断相组成,用X射线光电子能谱溅射分析复合粉末元素分布,用扫描电镜观察镀覆层的形貌.研究结果表明:通过严格的镀前预处理工艺可以增加钼粉表面的活化点;以乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和三乙醇胺(TEA)为双络合剂,在施镀过程中引入超声波,温度和pH值分别控制在50～55 ℃和12.5～13.0,实现钼粉表面的化学镀铜,沉积速度快,复合粉末分散性好;纳米铜微晶吸附在钼粉末周围形成粗糙表面,复合粉末中含有Cu2O,这是纳米Cu微晶颗粒自发氧化的结果.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…