Genetic structure and diversity of Oryza sativa L. in Guizhou, China

Preserving many kinds of rice resources and rich variations, Guizhou Province is one of the districts with the highest genetic diversity of cultivated rice （Oryza sativa L.） in China. In the current research, genetic diversity and structure of 537 accessions of cultivated rice from Guizhou were studied using 36 microsetellite markers and 39 phenotypic characters. The results showed that the model-based genetic structure was the same as genetic-distance-based one using SSRs but somewhat different from the documented classification （mainly based on phenotype） of two subspecies. The accessions being classified into indica by phenotype but japonica by genetic structure were much more than that being classified into japonica by phenotype but indica by genetic structure. Like Ding Ying＇s taxonomic system of cultivated rice, the subspecific differentiation was the most distinct differentiation within cultivated rice. But the differentiation within indica or japonica population was different： japonica presented clearer differentiation between soil-watery ecotypes than indica, and indica presented clearer differentiation between seasonal ecotypes than japonica. Cultivated rices in Guizhou revealed high genetic diversity at both DNA and phenotypic levels. Possessing the highest genetic diversity and all the necessary conditions as a center of genetic diversity, region Southwestern of Guizhou was suggested as the center of genetic diversity of O. sativa L. from Guizhou.     

Reappraisal of phylogenetic status and genetic diversity analysis of Asian population of Lentinula edodes

Phylogenetic relationship within the Lentinula genus is constructed based on the sequenced ITS fragments of the 60 Chinese wild L. edodes isolates and the sequence data of 48 isolates of different species from other districts downloaded from the GenBank. The 108 isolates of Lentinula genus are divided into two branches and seven groups, one branch and two groups in the New World, and the other branch and five groups in the Old World, and the isolates clustering of different groups corresponds obviously with the classification of the morphological species. Asian isolates are partitioned in group Ⅰ and Ⅴ, two of the five groups of the Old World, by which the germplasm resources status represented is of great importance shown by the phylogenetic analysis. Group Ⅴ which fills up the blank of geographic distribution has become one of the mainstream groups with an increased isolate number, while group Ⅰ has a tendency to dissimilate into two subgroups (Ia and Ib) with a huge isolate quantity and a coverage of most tested districts, suggesting that China (or Asia) is an important genetic diversity center of the natural population of Lentinula genus. Genetic analysis of Asian isolates based on groups Ia, Ib and group Ⅴ indicates that the diversity of the east coastal-land, northwestern highland and southwestern China and Himalayas districts is the most plentiful, which is the three priorities in diversity protection of Asian Lentinula population.     

MHC II DRB variation and trans-species polymorphism in the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

Genetic variation is generally believed to be important in studying endangered species’ adaptive potential.Early studies assessed genetic diversity using nearly neutral markers,such as microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA),which are very informative for phylogenetic and phylogeographic reconstructions.However,the variation at these loci cannot provide direct information on selective processes involving the interaction of individuals with their environment,or on the capability to resist continuously evolving pathogens and parasites.The importance of genetic diversity at informative adaptive markers,such as major histocompatibility complex(MHC) genes,is increasingly being realized,especially in endangered,isolated species.Small population size and isolation make the golden snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana) particularly susceptible to genetic variation losses through inbreeding and restricted gene flow.In this study,we compared the genetic variation and population structure of microsatellites,mtDNA,and the most relevant adaptive region of the MHC II-DRB genes in the golden snub-nosed monkey.We examined three Chinese R.roxellana populations and found the same variation patterns in all gene regions,with the population from Shennongjia population,Hubei Province,showing the lowest polymorphism among three populations.Genetic drift that outweighed balancing selection and the founder effect in these populations may explain the similar genetic variation pattern found in these neutral and adaptive genes.     

Relationships of Aegilops tauschii revealed by DNA fingerprints: the evidence for agriculture exchange between China and the West

Genetic diversity and relationships of wild goat grass (Aegilops tauschii Cosson) from Iran and Xinjiang, west China, as well as its weedy type from the Yellow River region of Shaanxi and Henan provinces in China were analyzed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) fingerprinting. A high level of genetic diversity in Aegilops tauschii accessions from Iran was observed, and the richness of genetic diversity was followed by accessions from Shaanxi, Henan, and Xinjiang. The weedy type of Aegilops tauschii showed a close genetic relationship with the wild type from different regions in Iran. The results indicated that the weedy Aegilops tauschii found in the Yellow River region was most likely introduced from Iran—the diversity center of Aegilops tauschii. The weedy Aegilops tauschii populations found in the Yellow River region may be brought into the central part of China as a weed species together with common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from the west during various periods of time in history. This finding has provided strong evidence for the introduction of common wheat from the West into China via the Silk Road, and also demonstrated the important role of the Silk Road in the exchange of agriculture and other relevant technologies between China and the West.     

Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA assessment of the genetic diversity of captive Saiga antelopes (Saiga tatarica) in China

To estimate the genetic diversity of the only captive Saiga antelope(Saiga tatarica) population in China,40 umbilical cord samples were collected and mitochondrial(control region) and nuclear(microsatellite) variabilities were assessed.Both of the markers revealed low genetic variability(or high genetic homogeneity) within the population.The microsatellites yielded monitoring ranges of 2-6 alleles.The observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.28 to 0.83,and the expected heterozygosities were between 0.27 and 0.71.The Shannon information index(Shannon I) and Polymorphic Information Content(PIC) presented overall means of 0.87 and 0.43,respectively.The gene diversity was 0.49.We found only two haplotypes in the population,and the haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 39.1% and 1.13%,respectively.Founder events,bottlenecks and inbreeding have contributed to the low genetic variation observed in this population.Our findings revealed the extent of genetic diversity maintained in the present population and the urgency of implementing a protection plan,introducing animals from other populations to enhance saiga’s genetic variation.     

Simultaneous estimation of genetic linkage and preferential pairing factor for a triploid population with unphased markers

Triploids,recognized to occur more frequently in natural and experimental populations of many species than previously appreciated,display important economic and biological values.Despite this,however,linkage analysis for triploids has not been well explored.We develop a statistical model for estimating and testing the linkage between molecular markers in a triploid population derived from a tetraploid and diploid parent.The model incorporates one important meiotic feature of tetraploids by which more homologous chromosomes pair with a greater likelihood than less homologous chromosomes.By implementing the EM algorithm within the maximum likelihood framework,the model provides a procedure for simultaneous estimation of the linkage and preferential pairing factor.The model accommodates the segregating patterns of pseudotest markers and intercross markers with different amounts of informativeness.The utility of the model was validated through a real data analysis and simulation studies.The model provides a statistical tool for linkage analysis in a triploid population by taking into account meiotic behavior of tetraploids.Results from the model will help to shed light on the genetic diversity and origin of a polyploid population.     

Genetic diversity in the Yangtze finless porpoise by RAPD analysis

To estimate the genetic diversity in the Yangtze finless porpoise ( Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis), the randomly amplified polymorphie DNA technique was applied to examine ten animals captured from the Yangtze River. Out of 20 arbitrary primers used in the experiment, seventeen produced clearly reproducible bands. Calculated by Nei‘s formula d = 1-NAB/NT, the genetic distances ranged from O. 0986 to O. 5634. Compared with other cetacean populations, this genetic distance is quite low.Such a low genetic diversity suggests that this population may be suffering from reduced genetic variation,and be very fragile. More studies are needed for understanding the basis for this apparent low genetic diversity and to help protect this endangered, unique population.     

Genetic diversity of Tricholoma matsutake in Yunnan Province

To investigate the genetic diversity of Tricholoma matsutake,we studied ITS and IGS1 sequences and PCR polymorphism of a retrotransposon in 56 fruit bodies collected from 13 counties of 9 regions in Yunnan Province. We found one and three haplotypes based on ITS and IGS1 sequences,respectively. Moreover,there was no significant difference in PCR polymorphism of the retrotransposon among different populations. Compared with Jilin Province(China) and Japanese populations,although Yun-nan was highly homogenous to Japanese populations,low genetic diversity of T. matsutake in Yunnan did not support the view that this species originated from Yunnan.     

Genetic diversity in the male-specific <Emphasis Type="Italic">SRY</Emphasis> gene of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepus yarkandensis</Emphasis>

Lepus yarkandensis, an endemic hare species in the Tarim Basin of China, has been suffering from habitat fragmentation due to desert expansion. To evaluate the effect of habitat fragmentation on its genetic diversity, the genetic diversity based on male-specific SRY gene marker is examined. A relatively low level of SRY genetic diversity is found compared to previous studies with mtDNA data, possibly due to the low SRY mutation rate and positive selection. Furthermore, one haplotype exists in eight populations along the Tarim River but not in many other relatively isolated populations, suggesting that habitat fragmentation may affect population divergence. Despite this, our pairwise Fst analysis shows no significant differentiation among populations, and this may be mainly caused by positive selection on the SRY gene in that 88 percent of individuals share the same haplotype. Finally, the phylogenetic analysis shows deep differentiation between L. yarkandensis and other two hare species (L. capensis and L. europaeus).     

Molecular biological analysis of remains from Jiangjungou Cemetery in Inner Mongolia

The 364-bp nucleotide sequence in hypervariable region I (HVRI) of mitochondrial DNA is successfully amplified from 9 out of 11 individuals of an ancient population buried in the Jiangjungou Cemetery in Inner Mongolia dated back to the Warring States Period in China. Nine fragments with different variations are obtained. A phylogenetic tree and a multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot are constructed using mtDNA sequences from the ancient population and several modern Asian populations. The results show that ancient population shares a closer genetic relationship with East Asian populations than with North and Central Asian populations. The genetic and historical evidence raise the possibility that the population might be the immigrants from Zhongyuan area, sent by the King Wuling of Zhao State to guard the nation against the attack from Huns.     

贵州人口受教育程度与经济发展灰色关联分析

立足贵州人口受教育和经济发展现状,在分析人口受教育程度的基础上,构建人口受教育程度与经济多因素相互作用的灰关联模型,对教育与经济增长协调发展关系进行实证分析。揭示了贵州人口受教育程度与经济协调发展的关系,最后就在教育方面如何促进贵州经济发展提出相关建议。     

主成分回归分析在收入分配中的应用

采用主成分回归分析的方法,对贵州省城乡居民收入差距作实证分析。依据1979～2008年的数据,选取贵州省城乡居民的收入、消费、人口、教育、农业等几大方面的相关指标。实证结果显示,不论是从定性角度还是从定量角度分析,贵州省城乡居民收入差距都呈现增长趋势。     

构建贵州和谐社会中的人口安全问题

人口安全问题在本质上是人类人口的协调问题,它是构建社会主义和谐社会的基本要素.人口问题是制约我省社会和经济发展的关键因素,也是建设贵州和谐社会的基础条件.当前贵州的人口安全问题主要表现形式为:人口规模较大、人口素质偏低和人口结构失衡.必须高度重视贵州的人口安全问题,切实采取有效措施,为构建和谐贵州创造良好的人口环境.     

构建贵州和谐社会中人口安全问题

人口安全问题在本质上是人类人口的协调问题，它是构建社会主义和谐社会的基本要素。人口问题是制约我省社会和经济发展的关键因素，也是建设贵州和谐社会的基础条件。当前贵州的人口安全问题主要表现形式为：人口规模较大、人口素质偏低和人口结构失衡。必须高度重视贵州的人口安全问题，切实采取有效措施，为构建和谐贵州创造良好的人口环境。     

城镇化--遏止贵州石漠化扩张的新思路

20世纪80年代以后,贵州农村生态环境日益恶化,对人类赖以生存与发展的环境构成极其不利的影响。贵州农村生态环境恶化的主要表现形式之一是石漠化的日益扩张。而农村人口比重过大且日益膨胀是引起石漠化扩张的主要原因之一。石漠化的遏止与生态环境的改善,在相当程度上有赖于农村人口的大幅度减少,而通过农村人口迁移而实现的城镇化,可有效减轻因农村人口膨胀所造成的生态环境压力,为生态环境的治理与恢复奠定坚实的基础。     

贵州省人口总量时间序列的ARIMA模型

人口研究、预测和控制是关系国计民生的大事.对全国人口总量时间序列模型,已有很多人进行了一定的研究,对贵州省人口总量时间序列模型还未有人研究.通过研究贵州省人口总量时间序列(1952~2002年),应用B-J法建立了AR IMA模型.为人口预测和控制提供一个简单易行的统计方法.     

贵州地衣资源及其分布规律

在生物多样性中 ,地衣是一类很独特的生物。在植物资源宝库中 ,占有重要的地位 ,为了今后有效地利用这类自然资源 ,作者对贵州省地衣资源作了较为全面系统地调查。共记有 71种 (3变种 ,1亚种 )隶属 17属 ,10科 ,其中有 48种为贵州新记录 ;并对贵州地衣的分布规律作了初步探讨     

建国以来贵州人口增长情况与原因分析

建国以来,贵州人口数量的发展变化情况可明显地划分为六个阶段,每个阶段都有自己的典型特征及深刻的经济社会原因,对贵州现在及未来的人口数量发展有十分重要的影响.     

贵州喀斯特高原人口分布的自然环境因素——Ⅱ多元回归分析与地带性研究

以贵州喀斯特高原76个县市(区)农业人口密度、人口密度以及自然地理因素的资料为基础,主要应用多元逐步回归方法研究贵州省人口分布与其主要影响因子的相关关系,并建立多元回归模型,针对贵州喀斯特地区的自然地理因素分布具有一定地带性,综合研究这些地带性因素的分布特征,探讨贵州喀斯特地质条件下人口分布的自然地带性规律,其结果表明:在喀斯特地质环境条件下,受经度、纬度以及平均海拔高度之间错综复杂的相互影响关系的作用,决定了贵州高原人口分布疏密差异的态势,表现为西北部人口过密,东南部人口稀疏的空间格局,使经济、社会、生态发展也呈现出不协调的状况.     

贵州喀斯特高原人口分布的自然环境因素 Ⅰ主要影响因素研究

从贵州典型的喀斯特高原自然环境的特点出发，采用相关分析方法研究贵州高原人口分布与海拔高度以及喀斯特地质条件等主要影响因子的相关关系，并且进一步分析和讨论了不同喀斯特类型区域的人口分布差异性及其原因，在揭示贵州典型的喀斯特高原山区人口分布的地理问题方面具有较强的现实意义。