β-甲基萘与长链烯烃烷基化研究

详细考察了三氯化铝催化剂用量、反应温度、芳烯物质的量比、反应时间及溶剂用量对β-甲基萘与长链烯烃烷基化的影响．采用气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用技术表征了烷基化产物,并对结果进行了分析和讨论．找到了甲基萘与长链烯烃较佳的烷基化条件．副反应得到了有效的抑制,目标产物AMN的选择性可达100％．     

无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三正丁酯的催化合成研究

研究了柠檬酸与正丁醇在盐类－水合硫酸氢钠,十二水合硫酸铁铵催化作用下直接酯化合成柠檬酸三正丁酯的最佳条件,结果表明：酸醇摩尔比为1：6．0－7．0催化剂用量为酸、催化剂的摩尔比为1：0．1,反应温度在110℃-135℃反应时间为1．5h,转化率达到95％以上,产品纯度达99％。     

富马酸海藻糖甲酯的合成及抑菌活性研究

富马酸海藻糖甲酯的合成分3步完成：第一步,以摩尔比为1：1的甲醇和马来酸酐为原料,以3％的无水AlCl3和3％的硫酸氢钠为异构化催化剂,在60℃下酯化反应0．5h,再升温至80℃异构化反应2h,得到富马酸单甲酯（MMF）;第二步,以摩尔比为1：2．5的MMF和亚硫酰氯为原料,在90℃下反应1h,得到富马酸单甲酯单酰氯（MMFC）;第三步,将MMFC和海藻糖按摩尔比4：1混合,以二氯甲烷为分散剂,在10％无水K2CO3和10％TBAB（w％MMFC）相转移催化下,40℃水浴反应3h,得到富马酸海藻糖甲酯（TMF）,收率69．24％．抑菌活性试验结果表明：TMF对混合菌群的生长具有良好的抑制作用,其抑菌能力优于MMF,与苯甲酸相当．     

固载杂多酸催化反应精馏合成富马酸二甲酯

研究了以富马酸和甲醇为原料,自制固载杂多酸为催化剂,采用催化剂精馏技术合成富马酸二甲酯的新工艺,确定了较佳的工艺操作条件：醇酸摩尔比为7：1,酯化反应温度为：67℃－78℃,反应时间≤6h,产品收率大于92％。     

H_4PMo_(11)VO_(40)催化氧化2-甲基萘制备甲萘醌

以磷钼钒杂多酸H4PMo11V1O40为催化剂、乙酸为溶剂,用双氧水氧化2-甲基萘制备2-甲基萘醌.实验表明:H4PMo11V1O40具有一定的催化活性.通过正交试验和单因素试验考察了催化剂用量、乙酸用量、双氧水用量、反应时间、反应温度等对收率的影响,获得较佳的合成条件:杂多酸∶2-MN(质量比)=7%,乙酸∶2-MN(质量比)=10.5∶1,双氧水∶2-甲基萘(摩尔比)=4.2∶1,较适宜的温度为40~50℃,反应时间为30 min.     

1，4-丁二醇双琥珀酸八氟戊醇双酯磺酸钠的合成工艺研究

采用八氟戊醇、马来酸酐、1,4-丁二醇为原料,合成了一种新型的双子表面活性剂—1,4-丁二醇双琥珀酸八氟戊醇双酯磺酸钠。通过实验得到各步反应的最优工艺条件,单酯化反应：马来酸酐与八氟戊醇摩尔比为1.2：1.0,加入占马来酸酐质量1％的无水乙酸钠,反应时间为4h,反应温度为90℃;双酯化反应：八氟戊醇马来酸单酯与1,4-丁二醇的摩尔比为2.1：1.0,占八氟戊醇马来酸单酯质量1.5％的对甲苯磺酸催化剂,反应温度为160℃,反应时间为7h;磺化反应：NaHSO3与1,4-丁二醇双马来酸八氟戊醇双酯摩尔比为1.0：2.2,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为6h。对终产物的性能进行测定,表面张力为：29.6 mN·m-1,CMC为0.005 g／L。     

甲基丙烯酸十六酯的合成及结构表征

研究了以α-甲基丙烯酸和十六醇为原料采用直接酯化法合成α-甲基丙烯酸十六酯的工艺条件,主要探讨了α-甲基丙烯酸与十六醇摩尔比、催化剂和阻聚剂的用量以及反应时间对酯化反应的影响，得出了合成的最佳条件：α-甲基丙烯酸与十六醇的摩尔比为1．2：1，对甲苯磺酸的质量分数为1．4％，对苯二酚的质量分数为0．4％，反应温度为110～120℃，反应时间为5h，酯化产率可达到95％以上．酯化产物经薄层色谱分析及红外光谱、核磁共振谱测定，证明所得产物为α-甲基丙烯酸十六酯．     

稀土掺杂纳米固体超强酸SO42-/SnO2-Eu2O3催化合成十六烷酸乙酯的研究

目的 研究稀土掺杂纳米固体超强酸SO42-/SnO2-Eu2 O3催化剂对合成十六烷酸乙酯的影响,确定最佳反应条件.方法 利用溶胶-凝胶法及改性技术制备稀土掺杂纳米固体超强酸SO42-/SnO2-Eu2O3催化剂,并用单因素法研究催化剂的最适宜制备条件;采用正交试验来确定十六烷酸乙酯催化合成的最佳条件.同时利用熔点、红外光谱等手段对产品进行物性和结构表征.结果 Eu2O3的添加量为1.5％（指Eu2O3占SO42--/SnO2的摩尔分数）,硫酸浸渍液的浓度为2.0 mol/L,焙烧温度为500℃,焙烧时间为2.5h条件下,制备出的SO42--/SnO2-Eu2O3催化剂具有最好的催化活性.通过正交实验确定的酯化反应优化条件是：在80～85℃的回流反应温度下,醇酸摩尔比为5.0：1.0,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的5.0％,反应时间4.0h,十六烷酸乙酯的酯化率可达97.0％以上.各种分析结果一致表明,催化合成所得之物与十六烷酸乙酯标准相符合.结论 该催化刑具有良好的催化活性和重复使用性,反应条件温和,方法简便,酯化率高,具有很好的工业化应用价值.     

β-甲基萘的精制

β-甲基萘是一种重要的有机化工原料．本方法是在常减压条件下将煤焦油洗油精馏后获得甲基萘馏分；然后在甲基萘馏分中加入10％～20％的硫酸，除去喹啉；再向甲基萘组分中加入一定比例的庚烷和乙醇胺，除去吲哚；蒸馏除去烷烃后，加入共沸剂乙二醇，在减压条件下进行精馏，压力为0．05MPa，回流比为10～15：1，切取200～210℃馏分，收集到的甲基萘馏分再进行精馏就得到99％的β-甲基萘纯品，收率可达55％，本方法比目前国内的冷冻结晶法得到的β-甲基萘纯度高、收率高，大大提高了β-甲基萘在化工业和制药业中的应用，具有较高的实用价值和较好的经济效益。     

月桂醇马来酸单酯磺酸钠的合成

以月桂醇、马来酸酐和亚硫酸钠为原料,合成了月桂醇马来酸单酯磺酸钠．结果表明：酯化反应最佳工艺系件为n[月桂醇]：n[马来酸酐]=1．00：1．05,催化剂烷基磺酸的用量为物料总量的1％（质量分数）,于80℃下单酯化反应3h,得产率大于98％的单酯化产物．磺化反应条件以加浓度为30％的NaHSO3溶液,其加入量为马来酸酐物质的量的1．10倍,加热温度90℃下磺化反应4h最佳．产物以IR进行表证,结果表明为预期产物．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the