汕头—台湾浅滩生态系统渔业资源生产量及最大持续产量评估

本文以汕头-台湾浅滩海域的初级生产力为基础，以主要鱼类品种的营养级及其有机碳含量和生态效率，运用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算海域生态系统渔业资源生产量，同时，运用Gulland模式和MSY简单模式估算渔业资源最大可持续开发量，结果表明该海域渔业资源生产量为77．4万吨，最大可持续开发量为45．6万吨，近十年来全渔场实际年捕捞量在55万吨以上，超过了渔业资源的最大持续产量，处于过度捕捞状态。     

南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统Ecosim模型的动态模拟

为了确定最佳的渔业政策,采用EwE 5.1软件,对南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统构建了1987-1998年Ecosim(时间动态)模型。Ecosim模型包含了32个功能组,初始参数来源于20世纪80年代末期静态平衡的Ecopath模型。通过营养关系,分析了渔业捕捞对主要经济鱼类的动态影响。结果显示1998年系统总输出、总生物量都有不同程度的增加,而总捕捞量则有所降低;强化的捕捞压力导致了低值小型鱼类被捕食压力的间接缓解,大中型高价值鱼类的生物量发生明显下降;说明了生态系统呈现出逆向发育的主要原因在于过度捕捞所产生的从上而下(top-down)的控制作用。     

长江上游江津江段鱼类群落结构及资源利用

为了了解长江上游鱼类群落结构和资源利用现状,为物种和资源保护提供依据,对长江上游江津江段的渔业资源进行调查,对该江段的鱼类种类组成、优势种、渔业捕捞规格和单位捕捞努力量渔获量等进行分析.在长江上游江津江段共采集鱼类54种,隶属于3目9科35属,鲤形目和鲇形目鱼类占主体,约占总种数的96.3%;其中,长江上游特有鱼类共15种,占鱼类总种数的27.8%.渔获物分析表明,各渔具年度间渔获物组成差异不显著,圆口铜鱼、铜鱼、圆筒吻、长鳍吻、瓦氏黄颡鱼、中华沙鳅和福建纹胸等种类为优势种;大部分捕捞个体体重小于150 g,体长小于200 mm.该江段流刺网、小钩和百袋网的单位捕捞努力量渔获量分别为3.60~9.45、1.33~4.32、2.55~7.80 kg/船/日.与历史资料相比,长江上游江津江段渔业资源已严重衰退,许多珍稀特有鱼类种群数量不多,渔业捕捞规格小型化趋势严重,单位捕捞努力量渔获量下降.该江段渔业资源处于过度利用状态,建议采取休渔和渔民转产转业等措施,加强物种和资源保护.     

福建近海渔业资源生产量和最大可持续开发量

根据2000～2001年福建近海渔业资源的现场调查和检测结果,并结合福建近海多年海洋科学调查研究所获得的初级生产力资料,应用生态系统营养动力学模型估算渔业资源(包括鱼类、甲壳类和头足类)生产量和最大可持续开发量.研究结果表明:营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算福建近海渔业资源生产量分别为267.91×104和294.58×104 t,平均为281.25×104 t.Cadima模式估算的最大可持续开发量为164.46×104 t,而1994年以来福建近海实际年渔获量在179.81×104～239.39×104 t,已连续10年超过了渔业资源的最大可持续开发量;投入的捕捞力量也已连续10年超过剩余产量模式估箅的最大可持续捕捞力量,呈现渔获量和捕捞力量"双超"的局面.     

关于"三产型渔业"的论述--兼对厦门建设"三产型渔业"的建议

由于过度捕捞,我国的渔业资源已严重衰退,渔业面临许多迫在眉睫的问题,犹如资源的保护、捕捞强度的削减、富余劳动力的分流、经营的转型等等。指望依靠伏季休渔就能缓解这些问题是不可能的,从现状来看,渔业资源在短期间内不会出现迅速恢复的“奇迹”。目前,作为保护资源的根本措施在于削减捕捞强度,而削减捕捞强度的关键则必须解决渔业富余劳动力的分流和渔业经营的转型。     

东海区海洋渔业资源近况浅析

根据2002～2004年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料、主要捕捞鱼种的生物学资料和中国渔业统计年鉴,对东海区近3 a季节间的资源密度、渔业生物学性状以及历年来的渔获群落结构组成、单位捕捞力量渔获量动态比较,分析东海区海洋渔业资源近况.结果表明:虽然近几年东海区海洋渔业捕捞产量维持在历史高水平,但主要是依赖于超高的捕捞力量、实施伏季休渔制度使群体资源得到暂时的养护等措施.主要经济鱼种的亲鱼量年间变化不大且处于相对缺乏的状态,渔获物小型化、利用资源主体以当龄鱼为主、单位捕捞力量渔获量下降等过度捕捞现象十分明显,资源基础相当脆弱,渔业资源衰退之势仍在加剧.秋季调查资源密度的年间波动取决于补充量水平,其水平的高低与环境因子密切相关.     

山东近海海洋渔业资源结构现状浅析

根据2012—2016年山东近海渔业资源监测调查资料、渔捞日志以及1985年以来的中国渔业统计年鉴数据,对山东省近年的渔业资源结构现状进行了初步分析,进而评价山东省海洋渔业资源结构组成和渔业资源动态变化趋势.调查结果表明:2012—2016年,渔获种类分别为84、76、76、80和82种,种类数量变化不大.但是山东近海营养层次高、个体大的蓝点马鲛、鲐、小黄鱼等的资源量逐年减少,而鳀、方氏云鳚等营养层次低、个体小的资源量呈现逐年增长的趋势,另外,其他经济价值低的杂鱼杂虾的资源量也在不断增长中.山东近海渔业生产分为明显的春、秋两汛,捕捞产量在每年的伏季休渔后达到最大值,之后迅速下降.中国渔业统计年鉴资料显示,山东近海海洋捕捞产量以及渔业资源密度从2000年开始呈现持续下跌的趋势,捕捞产量由307.84 t下降到229.72 t,资源密度由2.38 t/kW下降到1.05 t/kW.近几年,虽然海洋捕捞产量维持在较高水平,但渔获主要来源于伏季休渔制度后暂时回升的渔业资源,个别品种则几乎完全依赖增殖放流.在高强度捕捞压力和渔业环境破坏下,主要经济鱼类资源日趋衰退.     

舟山渔场禁渔线以外海域单拖网渔业主要经济鱼类生物学的初步研究

根据2010年8个半月（除去伏季休渔期）舟山渔场禁渔线以外海域单拖网渔业资源调查资料,分析了7种主要经济鱼类的生物学特征。使用FiSATⅡ软件中ELEFAN技术估算了生长参数、自然死亡系数、总死亡系数和开发率等。结果表明,与历史记录比较鱼类小型化更加明显,总死亡系数增大。其中5种鱼类处于超额开发状态,开发率超过了0.5。目前舟山渔场主要经济鱼类小型化严重,捕捞对鱼类影响较大,须加强对舟山渔场渔业资源的保护。     

捕鱼问题的稳定与最优解研究

渔业资源作为一种可再生资源,实践证明不能过度开发。本文以单种群渔业资源作为对象,研究其在人为捕捞情况下,如何使捕捞量最大或经济效益最优的问题。这在现实的渔业生产和管理中具有重要意义。     

具有线性捕捞成本的渔业资源的连续动力模型的稳定性分析

为了控制渔业资源保持在一个平衡的状态,在假设捕捞成本函数为捕捞量线性函数的基础上,以及考虑鱼群自然增长及其市场价格随供需变化的情况下,建立了渔业资源存储量、捕捞量、市场价格三者的相互作用的动力学模型,研究该连续系统的正平衡点的存在性及稳定性.     

三亚临春河红树林生态系统中鱼类营养级的分析

为了解该三亚市临春河红树林生态系统中鱼类营养级的状况,本研究采用稳定同位素技术系统水体中的鱼类进行了分析。结果发现5种鱼类：沙鲮鱼（Sillago.sp）、多鳞鳝鱼（Sillagosihama）、黑边石斑鱼（Epinephelus fasciatus）、天竺鲷鱼（Apogon.sp）、赤点石斑鱼（Genus Epinephelus.sp）,组织的氮同位素值分别为5.82‰、11.60‰、12.62‰、17.72‰、和12.76‰,对应的营养级分别为1.77、3.47、3.77、3.80和3.81。结论,三亚河沿岸红树林生态系统中,主要存在2个营养级。其中,沙鲮鱼处于相对较低的营养级,属于初级消费者。多鳞鳝鱼、黑边石斑鱼、天竺鲷鱼、赤点石斑鱼位同一营养级,属于次级级消费者。     

Mass-balance ecosystem model of the East China Sea

Using the Ecopath mass-balance trophodynamic model, this paper analyzed the trophic levels, flows, food web structure and ecosystem maturity of the East China Sea, and identified ecologically important functional groups in the ecosystem. The model is based on fishery resource surveys of the East China Sea in 2000, studies on diet composition and global databases such as FishBase and the Sea Around Us Project Database. The results showed that trophic levels of the functional groups are between 2.86 and 4.37, with an average of 3.32. Anchocy (Engraulis japonicus), small fishes and benthic crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs are important groups in terms of the trophic structure and flow dynamics in the East China Sea. Energy flows of most groups are between specific trophic levels, except file fish (Thamnaconus spp.), pomfret (Pampus spp.) and cephalopods. Trophic transfer efficiency of levels II, III, IV and more than V are 11.8%, 21.1%, 17.4% and 22.1–22.5%, respectively. Effects of fishery – the largest ‘consumer’ of the ecosystem – are much stronger than those exerted by biological groups in the system. The model suggests that the current fishery can further reduce the complexity of the ecosystem. Evaluations of the system indices suggest that maturity of the ecosystem is low. The conclusion of this model indicates that it was the overfishing that caused the ecosystem of the East China Sea declined, which should be taken into account as a critical reference for fisheries management in the future.     

生态系统的可靠性及其稳定性的维持

 生态系统的营养结构是由营养级组成的.可靠性模型实验表明,营养级的可靠性取决于物种的失效率大小,物种丢失对物种丰富、失效率高的营养级的可靠性影响甚微,而对物种贫乏、失效率低的营养级略大,换言之,营养级的可靠性与物种的丰富度无紧密关系.其次,在营养级可靠性相同的条件下,简单系统的可靠性普遍略高于营养级多或食物链长的复杂生态系统.生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性没有必然联系,只要营养级还存在(无论剩下几个物种),那么按串并联方式组合成的生态系统就不会崩溃.生态系统的稳定性是冗余结构的稳定性.生态系统经常遭受干扰,但物种和个体的丢失可以通过来自其内外源源不断的冗余补充,以维持生态系统营养结构的稳定性.     

Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch

Phenology, the study of annually recurring life cycle events such as the timing of migrations and flowering, can provide particularly sensitive indicators of climate change. Changes in phenology may be important to ecosystem function because the level of response to climate change may vary across functional groups and multiple trophic levels. The decoupling of phenological relationships will have important ramifications for trophic interactions, altering food-web structures and leading to eventual ecosystem-level changes. Temperate marine environments may be particularly vulnerable to these changes because the recruitment success of higher trophic levels is highly dependent on synchronization with pulsed planktonic production. Using long-term data of 66 plankton taxa during the period from 1958 to 2002, we investigated whether climate warming signals are emergent across all trophic levels and functional groups within an ecological community. Here we show that not only is the marine pelagic community responding to climate changes, but also that the level of response differs throughout the community and the seasonal cycle, leading to a mismatch between trophic levels and functional groups.     

Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment

Biodiversity is rapidly declining, and this may negatively affect ecosystem processes, including economically important ecosystem services. Previous studies have shown that biodiversity has positive effects on organisms and processes across trophic levels. However, only a few studies have so far incorporated an explicit food-web perspective. In an eight-year biodiversity experiment, we studied an unprecedented range of above- and below-ground organisms and multitrophic interactions. A multitrophic data set originating from a single long-term experiment allows mechanistic insights that would not be gained from meta-analysis of different experiments. Here we show that plant diversity effects dampen with increasing trophic level and degree of omnivory. This was true both for abundance and species richness of organisms. Furthermore, we present comprehensive above-ground/below-ground biodiversity food webs. Both above ground and below ground, herbivores responded more strongly to changes in plant diversity than did carnivores or omnivores. Density and richness of carnivorous taxa was independent of vegetation structure. Below-ground responses to plant diversity were consistently weaker than above-ground responses. Responses to increasing plant diversity were generally positive, but were negative for biological invasion, pathogen infestation and hyperparasitism. Our results suggest that plant diversity has strong bottom-up effects on multitrophic interaction networks, with particularly strong effects on lower trophic levels. Effects on higher trophic levels are indirectly mediated through bottom-up trophic cascades.     

Functional diversity governs ecosystem response to nutrient enrichment

The relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning is a central topic in ecology today. Classical approaches to studying ecosystem responses to nutrient enrichment have considered linear food chains. To what extent ecosystem structure, that is, the network of species interactions, affects such responses is currently unknown. This severely limits our ability to predict which species or functional groups will benefit or suffer from nutrient enrichment and to understand the underlying mechanisms. Here our approach takes ecosystem complexity into account by considering functional diversity at each trophic level. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test the effects of nutrient enrichment in a lake ecosystem. We developed a model of intermediate complexity, which separates trophic levels into functional groups according to size and diet. This model successfully predicted the experimental results, whereas linear food-chain models did not. Our model shows the importance of functional diversity and indirect interactions in the response of ecosystems to perturbations, and indicates that new approaches are needed for the management of freshwater ecosystems subject to eutrophication.     

Transient dynamics of an altered large marine ecosystem

Overfishing of large-bodied benthic fishes and their subsequent population collapses on the Scotian Shelf of Canada's east coast and elsewhere resulted in restructuring of entire food webs now dominated by planktivorous, forage fish species and macroinvertebrates. Despite the imposition of strict management measures in force since the early 1990s, the Scotian Shelf ecosystem has not reverted back to its former structure. Here we provide evidence of the transient nature of this ecosystem and its current return path towards benthic fish species domination. The prolonged duration of the altered food web, and its current recovery, was and is being governed by the oscillatory, runaway consumption dynamics of the forage fish complex. These erupting forage species, which reached biomass levels 900% greater than those prevalent during the pre-collapse years of large benthic predators, are now in decline, having outstripped their zooplankton food supply. This dampening, and the associated reduction in the intensity of predation, was accompanied by lagged increases in species abundances at both lower and higher trophic levels, first witnessed in zooplankton and then in large-bodied predators, all consistent with a return towards the earlier ecosystem structure. We conclude that the reversibility of perturbed ecosystems can occur and that this bodes well for other collapsed fisheries.     

贵州黑洞内一个食物链层次上的物质循环和能量流通探讨

从食物链层次上对贵州黑洞内生态系统中的物质循环和能量流通进行了探讨,该洞内的典型食物链是土壤(有机质和无机物)→马陆和斑灶马→蜘蛛类→红点齿蟾,由于喀斯特洞穴内仅有少量低等植物分布而食物贫乏,故食物链的最初营养级不是生产者(植物)而是土壤,在该洞内各条食物链的顶级营养级均是红点齿蟾。物质从初级营养级逐级传递到顶级营养级是逐级减少,最后又返回到土壤中,形成封闭式的循环。在物质循环的过程中伴随着能量流通,能量的流通也是逐级减少,但是开放式的循环。物质循环和能量流通的金字塔型不明显是因为顶级营养级的红点齿蟾不仅取食第3营养级的蜘蛛类还取食第2营养级的马陆和斑灶马。