东亚地区人为硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应不同模拟方法的对比

 利用区域气候模式RegCM2与大气化学模式连接的模拟系统,研究了中国地区人为排放生成的硫酸盐气溶胶分布及其辐射气候效应,并与全球模式的结果进行了比较,同时对比了硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应的在线、离线模拟方法所得结果差异的细致情况.通过以上工作表明:区域气候和大气化学耦合模式系统能在比大气环流模式更精细的尺度上获得硫酸盐分布规律和辐射气候效应;并且区域气候模式与大气化学模式的在线与离线连接方法得到的硫酸盐柱含量、有反馈和无反馈大气顶直接辐射强迫和地表温度响应在较小区域平均的尺度上存在较显著的差异,并且在全区域平均尺度上也不能被忽略;通过对气候响应的进一步分析发现:模拟结果显示了从硫酸盐含量到辐射强迫和地表温度响应逐渐加大的不确定性.     

一个区域气候-化学耦合模式的研制及初步应用

将区域气候模式RegCM 2和对流层大气化学模式TACM相耦合 ,建立了一个区域气候 -化学模式系统 (RegCCMS) ,主要用于对流层臭氧和硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布、辐射强迫和气候效应研究 .利用 2 0 0 0年 7月NCEP再分析资料和RegCCMS模拟了东亚地区夏季对流层臭氧和硫酸盐气溶胶的空间分布 ,估计了相应的辐射强迫以及对近地面气温变化的影响 .研究表明我国夏季对流层臭氧和硫酸盐的月均最大地面浓度分别为 1 2 5× 1 0 - 9和 8μg/m3.对流层臭氧的平均辐射强迫为 0 .3 9W /m2 ,硫酸盐气溶胶的平均直接辐射强迫为 - 0 .92W /m2 ,两者皆在西南、华南和华中地区出现极值中心 .硫酸盐气溶胶的平均间接辐射强迫为 - 0 .2W /m2 ,华东和华南沿海地区相对较强 .在局部地区 ,对流层臭氧和硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫高于IPCC( 2 0 0 1 )报导值 .总体而言 ,对流层臭氧可能导致的增暖效应明显弱于硫酸盐气溶胶的冷却效应 ,因此 ,净辐射强迫为负值 ,两者的综合效应造成近地面平均气温下降 - 0 .2℃ .西南地区降温较为明显 ,最大幅度达到 - 0 .5 7℃ .     

中国地区大气硫化物分布和输送基本特征的模拟研究

 在区域气候模式的基础上连接大气化学模式,利用耦合的模式系统模拟了中国地区大气二氧化硫和硫酸盐分布和季节变化,发现大气中二氧化硫在冬春季大,夏秋季小.硫酸盐气溶胶浓度在夏季最大,并且从地面到高空单调递减,其浓度的季节变化在400hPa以下最明显.     

我国春季大气沙尘气溶胶分布和短波辐射效应的数值模拟

利用已建立的区域气候模式与大气化学模式耦和的模拟系统 ,在气候模式中引入了起沙机制 ,同时建立了与气候模式连接的沙尘气溶胶输送模式 ,模拟沙尘的输送、扩散、沉降等过程 .通过对 1 998年 4月的模拟 ,分析得到中国地区沙尘气溶胶的主要源区分布情况、沙尘的浓度分布特点和光学厚度特征 ,并且将一次沙尘暴个例与同期卫星观测的气溶胶指数分布做了对比 .进一步模拟了沙尘气溶胶辐射效应 ,发现沙尘气溶胶能减少地面的辐射净收入 ,使南方的大气辐射收入减少 ,使北方的大气辐射收入增加 .由于沙尘气溶胶对辐射的削弱使地面气温有显著降低     

一次沙尘暴过程对大气痕量成分浓度影响的模拟研究

利用一个包含地表起尘机制的尘粒表面非均相化学模式,与区域气候-大气化学模式系统连接.研究了沙尘气溶胶表面的非均相过程对城市大气中一些重要微量成分浓度的影响.结果表明,非均相过程使得二氧化硫,氮氧化物和臭氧的浓度降低,硫酸盐浓度增加.沙尘暴对这些物种浓度的影响与沙尘浓度有关.     

东亚典型站点混合型气溶胶光学特性和辐射效应对比

根据东亚地区沙尘传输路径上人为污染程度的不同,选取AERONET典型站点SACOL、Beijing和Gwangju_GIST站的观测数据,结合SBDART辐射传输模式,对比分析了东亚地区混合型气溶胶的光学特性、辐射效应以及不同程度大气污染对气溶胶混合的影响.结果表明,与沙尘气溶胶和人为气溶胶相比,东亚混合型气溶胶吸收能力最强,特别在可见光波段,导致地表冷却和大气加热效应加强,大气层顶冷却效应减弱. Beijing站比SACOL、Gwangju_GIST站混合型气溶胶浓度更高,吸收能力更强,地表冷却和大气加热效率更强,大气层顶冷却效率更弱.粗模态沙尘气溶胶与细模态人为气溶胶对于混合型气溶胶的生成和辐射吸收能力的增强都有着极为重要的作用.混合型气溶胶在东亚区域重污染(雾霾)过程中有重要作用.     

兰州城市气容胶对边界层温度结构的影响—一维数值模拟研究

利用Lowtran辐射传输模式计算了城市大气溶胶的辐射效应,并用一个一维边界层模式模拟了由此产生的温度变化。气溶胶的存在显著加大了太阳短波辐射对边界层大气的加热,而其长波辐射效应使边界层大气有所降温,但强度不大。另一方面,气溶胶大大削弱了到达地面的太阳辐射。上述因素综合的结果使白天城市边界层中上部气温高于乡村的2℃,低层高于乡村约1℃,夜间城市温度仍高于乡村1－2℃。     

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏2季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加大气稳定度,减少地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,2类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

大气颗粒物高时间分辨采样和定量测量技术

实现对大气颗粒物化学组分高时间分辨的定量测量是研究大气化学变化的关键.现报道了我们自行研制的高时间分辨的气溶胶微量采样器,可对不同粒径范围的大气颗粒物进行每1～6h的采样.并将电喷雾解析电离质谱(DESI-MS)技术应用于所采样品的化学成分分析.以大气气溶胶中的草酸分析为例,运用自制采样器进行了小时分辨的连续采样,在优化DESI-MS实验条件后,应用含1%氨水甲醇溶液作为喷雾溶剂,不需要对环境样品预处理或分离的前提下对气溶胶中的草酸进行了定量分析,得到了小时分辨的大气气溶胶PM2.5中草酸浓度的日变化.研究表明,高时间分辨气溶胶微量采样器与DESI-MS相结合可应用于大气气溶胶化学组分的快速定量分析,有助于研究特定化学组分的昼夜变化规律.     

气溶胶对沙漠气候变化的影响

本文用数值实验讨论了尘埃气溶胶对沙漠区气候和夏季风气候变化的影响。结果表明,影响是明显的。气溶胶对太阳短波辐射的散射和吸收,可使地表和土壤温度下降,大气低层温度上升。通过流场、垂直运动和降水场的变化,300hPa 以下温度增高,100hPa 上温度降低。文中对气溶胶的影响机制也进行了讨论。     

Constraints on radiative forcing and future climate change from observations and climate model ensembles

The assessment of uncertainties in global warming projections is often based on expert judgement, because a number of key variables in climate change are poorly quantified. In particular, the sensitivity of climate to changing greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere and the radiative forcing effects by aerosols are not well constrained, leading to large uncertainties in global warming simulations. Here we present a Monte Carlo approach to produce probabilistic climate projections, using a climate model of reduced complexity. The uncertainties in the input parameters and in the model itself are taken into account, and past observations of oceanic and atmospheric warming are used to constrain the range of realistic model responses. We obtain a probability density function for the present-day total radiative forcing, giving 1.4 to 2.4 W m-2 for the 5-95 per cent confidence range, narrowing the global-mean indirect aerosol effect to the range of 0 to -1.2 W m-2. Ensemble simulations for two illustrative emission scenarios suggest a 40 per cent probability that global-mean surface temperature increase will exceed the range predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), but only a 5 per cent probability that warming will fall below that range.     

Observational evidence of a change in radiative forcing due to the indirect aerosol effect

Anthropogenic aerosols enhance cloud reflectivity by increasing the number concentration of cloud droplets, leading to a cooling effect on climate known as the indirect aerosol effect. Observational support for this effect is based mainly on evidence that aerosol number concentrations are connected with droplet concentrations, but it has been difficult to determine the impact of these indirect effects on radiative forcing. Here we provide observational evidence for a substantial alteration of radiative fluxes due to the indirect aerosol effect. We examine the effect of aerosols on cloud optical properties using measurements of aerosol and cloud properties at two North American sites that span polluted and clean conditions-a continental site in Oklahoma with high aerosol concentrations, and an Arctic site in Alaska with low aerosol concentrations. We determine the cloud optical depth required to fit the observed shortwave downward surface radiation. We then use a cloud parcel model to simulate the cloud optical depth from observed aerosol properties due to the indirect aerosol effect. From the good agreement between the simulated indirect aerosol effect and observed surface radiation, we conclude that the indirect aerosol effect has a significant influence on radiative fluxes.     

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及直接气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏两季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加了大气稳定度,减少了地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,两类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

Prediction of decadal variability of sea surface temperature by a coupled global climate model FGOALS_gl developed in LASG/IAP

A decadal climate prediction was performed by a coupled global climate model FGOALS_gl developed by the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) within the Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP),Chinese Academy of Sciences.First,an Incremental Analysis Updates(IAU) scheme was applied to assimilate surface and subsurface ocean temperature and salinity fields derived from oceanic objective analysis data,for the initialization of the ocean component of the model.Starting from the initialized states,hindcast integrations were performed with the specified historical solar cycle variations,concentrations of greenhouse gasses and sulfate aerosol,following the standard 20C3M scenario used in phase three of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP3).Based on the hindcast integrations,we performed forecast integrations under the radiative forcing of the A1B scenario in the CMIP3.Compared with the 20C3M run,the hindcast integrations have a much higher ability to simulate the decadal variability of SST(Sea Surface Temperature) in the tropical central-eastern Pacific and mid-latitude northeastern Pacific.This suggests that the ocean initialization is able to enhance the model skill in the regions with large decadal variability.The forecast integrations suggest that the SST in the tropical central-eastern Pacific has reached its trough phase,and will gradually increase in the following 10-15 years.Meanwhile,the global mean surface temperature predicted by the forecast integrations increases slower than that projected by the A1B scenario run over 2000-2010,but faster than the latter after that.     

Forced response of atmospheric oscillations during the last millennium simulated by a climate system model

Variations in global atmospheric oscillations during the last millennium are simulated using the climate system model FGOALS_gl. The model was driven by reconstructions of both natural forcing (solar variability and volcanic aerosol) and anthropogenic forcing (greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosol). The model results are compared against proxy reconstruction data. The reconstructed North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was out of phase with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the last millennium. During the ...     

Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements

Atmospheric aerosols cause scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation. Additional anthropogenic aerosols released into the atmosphere thus exert a direct radiative forcing on the climate system. The degree of present-day aerosol forcing is estimated from global models that incorporate a representation of the aerosol cycles. Although the models are compared and validated against observations, these estimates remain uncertain. Previous satellite measurements of the direct effect of aerosols contained limited information about aerosol type, and were confined to oceans only. Here we use state-of-the-art satellite-based measurements of aerosols and surface wind speed to estimate the clear-sky direct radiative forcing for 2002, incorporating measurements over land and ocean. We use a Monte Carlo approach to account for uncertainties in aerosol measurements and in the algorithm used. Probability density functions obtained for the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere give a clear-sky, global, annual average of -1.9 W m(-2) with standard deviation, +/- 0.3 W m(-2). These results suggest that present-day direct radiative forcing is stronger than present model estimates, implying future atmospheric warming greater than is presently predicted, as aerosol emissions continue to decline.