中国春季沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应及对气候影响的研究

本文在区域气候模式RIEMS2．0中引入沙尘气溶胶的起沙机制,同时建立了与气候模式连接的沙尘气溶胶输送模式,并在辐射模块中加入沙尘气溶胶的影响,模拟沙尘气溶胶的输送、扩散、沉降等过程以及对辐射的影响．利用此模式得到了1998年春季3、4、5月中国地区沙尘气溶胶的主要源区分布、沙尘气溶胶的柱浓度分布、光学厚度等物理量及其辐射效应和气候效应．结果表明春季中国沙尘源区主要集中在内蒙古西部的腾格里沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠,中部的浑善达克沙地,南疆塔克拉玛干沙漠东部,河西走廊地区以及青海的柴达木盆地附近,这些地区的起沙率大于5μg／（m^2·s）,最大为65μg／（m^2·s）;沙尘气溶胶柱浓度最大值达0．55g／m^2,出现在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区,相应的光学厚度最大值是0．50．沙尘气溶胶使得中国地区地面短波辐射收入平均减小了4．10w／m^2,地面长波辐射收入增大了,＋0．46w／m^2,地面净辐射强迫为-3．64w／m^2,大气辐射收支与地面相反,净辐射强迫为＋3．10w／m^2;同时沙尘气溶胶通过影响到达地面的辐射使得地面有较强的降温,整个模拟区域平均地面气温降低了0．24K,而北方地区地面气温降低了0．37K;沙尘对于降水的影响主要体现在对小雨的影响上,沙尘气溶胶使得模拟区域内小雨减小了20％左右;另一方面,华北地区降水受沙尘气溶胶影响最大,总降水减少了13．8％,而全区域总降水只减少了2％．     

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及直接气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏两季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加了大气稳定度,减少了地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,两类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏2季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加大气稳定度,减少地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,2类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

东亚地区人为硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应不同模拟方法的对比

 利用区域气候模式RegCM2与大气化学模式连接的模拟系统,研究了中国地区人为排放生成的硫酸盐气溶胶分布及其辐射气候效应,并与全球模式的结果进行了比较,同时对比了硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应的在线、离线模拟方法所得结果差异的细致情况.通过以上工作表明:区域气候和大气化学耦合模式系统能在比大气环流模式更精细的尺度上获得硫酸盐分布规律和辐射气候效应;并且区域气候模式与大气化学模式的在线与离线连接方法得到的硫酸盐柱含量、有反馈和无反馈大气顶直接辐射强迫和地表温度响应在较小区域平均的尺度上存在较显著的差异,并且在全区域平均尺度上也不能被忽略;通过对气候响应的进一步分析发现:模拟结果显示了从硫酸盐含量到辐射强迫和地表温度响应逐渐加大的不确定性.     

用零维能量平衡气候模型分析大气气溶胶的气候效应

将大气短波吸收系数的增加量假设为晴空大气反照率的增加量的线性函数,综合考虑云对能量传输的调节及其与地气系统之间复杂的非线性相互作用,利用零维能量平衡模型分析了气溶胶的气候效应。分析计算结果发现,大气气溶胶含量增加可能引发的气候变化主要是：(1) 大气温度升高,地表感热输送和蒸发潜热减少,这会引起全球干旱; (2) 气溶胶使地面升温还是降温,主要依赖于大气对太阳辐射的吸收能力和晴空大气的反照率,地表反照率反馈机制使气溶胶的气候效应得到加强。     

东亚典型站点混合型气溶胶光学特性和辐射效应对比

根据东亚地区沙尘传输路径上人为污染程度的不同,选取AERONET典型站点SACOL、Beijing和Gwangju_GIST站的观测数据,结合SBDART辐射传输模式,对比分析了东亚地区混合型气溶胶的光学特性、辐射效应以及不同程度大气污染对气溶胶混合的影响.结果表明,与沙尘气溶胶和人为气溶胶相比,东亚混合型气溶胶吸收能力最强,特别在可见光波段,导致地表冷却和大气加热效应加强,大气层顶冷却效应减弱. Beijing站比SACOL、Gwangju_GIST站混合型气溶胶浓度更高,吸收能力更强,地表冷却和大气加热效率更强,大气层顶冷却效率更弱.粗模态沙尘气溶胶与细模态人为气溶胶对于混合型气溶胶的生成和辐射吸收能力的增强都有着极为重要的作用.混合型气溶胶在东亚区域重污染(雾霾)过程中有重要作用.     

一个区域气候-化学耦合模式的研制及初步应用

将区域气候模式RegCM 2和对流层大气化学模式TACM相耦合 ,建立了一个区域气候 -化学模式系统 (RegCCMS) ,主要用于对流层臭氧和硫酸盐气溶胶的时空分布、辐射强迫和气候效应研究 .利用 2 0 0 0年 7月NCEP再分析资料和RegCCMS模拟了东亚地区夏季对流层臭氧和硫酸盐气溶胶的空间分布 ,估计了相应的辐射强迫以及对近地面气温变化的影响 .研究表明我国夏季对流层臭氧和硫酸盐的月均最大地面浓度分别为 1 2 5× 1 0 - 9和 8μg/m3.对流层臭氧的平均辐射强迫为 0 .3 9W /m2 ,硫酸盐气溶胶的平均直接辐射强迫为 - 0 .92W /m2 ,两者皆在西南、华南和华中地区出现极值中心 .硫酸盐气溶胶的平均间接辐射强迫为 - 0 .2W /m2 ,华东和华南沿海地区相对较强 .在局部地区 ,对流层臭氧和硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫高于IPCC( 2 0 0 1 )报导值 .总体而言 ,对流层臭氧可能导致的增暖效应明显弱于硫酸盐气溶胶的冷却效应 ,因此 ,净辐射强迫为负值 ,两者的综合效应造成近地面平均气温下降 - 0 .2℃ .西南地区降温较为明显 ,最大幅度达到 - 0 .5 7℃ .     

中国地区工业硫酸盐气溶胶对辐射和温度的影响

 将大气化学模式和区域气候模式连接,以中国地区1994年1,4,7,10月为研究对象,模拟了气候变化,并分析了由于大气化学过程形成的硫酸盐气溶胶的对地气系统辐射收支、温度、降水量等气候因子的影响.通过分析发现:硫酸盐气溶胶在晴空大气顶和云天大气顶处产生负的辐射强迫,将使地表温度下降,使降水量减少.     

中国碳气溶胶时空分布与辐射强迫的数值模拟

为了更好地了解我国区域碳气溶胶,利用意大利国际理论物理中心ICTP(International Center forTheoretical Physics)的气溶胶资料和区域气候模式R egCM 3对2000年我国碳气溶胶时空分布与辐射强迫进行了数值模拟。结果表明:我国碳气溶胶主要分布在黄河以南、青藏高原以东的广大区域,且柱含量分布具有明显的季节性。春季最大,冬季次之,夏季最小;除东部沿海等少数地区外,碳气溶胶大气顶辐射强迫在全国绝大部分地区符号均为正,而地表辐射强迫符号为负。各单种气溶胶之间存在复杂的相互作用,研究综合气溶胶分布和气候效应时,不能简单地将各单种气溶胶的作用进行叠加。     

兰州城市气容胶对边界层温度结构的影响—一维数值模拟研究

利用Lowtran辐射传输模式计算了城市大气溶胶的辐射效应,并用一个一维边界层模式模拟了由此产生的温度变化。气溶胶的存在显著加大了太阳短波辐射对边界层大气的加热,而其长波辐射效应使边界层大气有所降温,但强度不大。另一方面,气溶胶大大削弱了到达地面的太阳辐射。上述因素综合的结果使白天城市边界层中上部气温高于乡村的2℃,低层高于乡村约1℃,夜间城市温度仍高于乡村1－2℃。     

东亚高空大气气溶胶的分布及沙尘输送特征研究

利用长达20 年的SAGEⅡ(stratospheric aerosol and gas experimentⅡ) 资料, 研究了东亚地区5.0 ～15.0 km 高空气溶胶多年时空分布特征和变化趋势, 并研究了东亚沙尘活动对高空及下游的气溶胶输送。发现东亚高空气溶胶水平分布呈现上中下3 层不同的分布特征, 下层 5. 0 ～8. 5 km 高值区对应气溶胶源区青藏高原和西北沙漠地区;中层 9. 0 ～10. 0 km 高值区对应温带气旋高发的中纬度地区;上层 10. 5 ～15. 0 km 表现为低纬气溶胶含量显著高于高纬地区。高空各层气溶胶的空间分布受天气系统的影响具有明显的季节变化。近10 年来东亚高空气溶胶呈减少趋势, 平均光学厚度约下降了0. 016。另外还发现沙尘活动与 5. 0 ～11. 5 km 范围内的气溶胶显著相关, 反映沙尘活动影响的高度范围可以达到整个对流层。定义沙尘暴高空影响指数, 用来分析东亚沙尘暴对下游地区的影响, 发现随着时间推移沙尘逐渐向东移动, 在约 12 天之后可以到达大西洋。     

Analysis of carbon isotopes in airborne carbonate and implications for aeolian sources

Methods were developed to determine the mass ratios of carbon isotopes in trace amounts of aerosol carbonate. A Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrometer fitted with an on-line Kiel device was to determine the ^13C/^12C ratio in CO2 produced from the carbonate. A study using these methods was conducted to characterize the carbonate carbon isotopes in aerosol samples collected in Xi‘an on dusty and normal days during March and April 2002. Results of the study demonstrate that insights into the origin of the dust can be deduced from its isotopic composition. That is, the δ^13C ofcarbonate for dust storm samples ranged from -1.4‰ to -4.2‰, and this is consistent with sandy materials in dust source regions upwind. In contrast, for non-dusty days δ^13C ranged from -7.5% to -9.3‰, which is more similar to fine particles emitted from local surface soils. Comparisons of dust storm aerosols with surface soils from source regions and with aerosol samples collected downwind indicate that the δ^13C values did not change appreciably during longrange transport. Therefore, carbon isotopes have the potential for distinguishing among source materials, and this approach provides a powerful new tool for identifying dust provenance.     

兰州皋兰山顶春季大气气溶胶的监测与分析

对兰州皋兰山顶春季大气气溶胶连续采样，得到了大气背景、浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴等不同天气条件下的气溶胶质量浓度．通过沙尘天气的过程分析，得到不同沙尘天气条件下，TSP浓度的时间变化规律．与兰州大学小二楼顶的监测数据进行比较分析，可以看出兰州市的污染状况和TSP的时空分布．通过各类沙尘天气不同粒径气溶胶粒子的浓度分析，发现气溶胶粒子粒径的分布规律和气溶胶来源不同．     

Fractal Characteristics of Aerosols Deposition in the Fiber Surface

To study the effects of particle motion mechanism and size distribution on fractal dimension of dust cake structure,the process of aerosol particles deposition in fibrous filtration medium was simulated on basis of Diffusion-Limited Aggregation(DLA)improving model.In this study,effects of inertia movement and diffusion movement on particles deposition would be considered.In the mean while,ratio of inertia movement to diffusion movement was defined as Pe number.The results show that surface curve of dust cak...     

Speciation of the elements and compositions on the surfaces of dust storm particles： The evidence for the coupling of iron with sulfur in aerosol during the long-range transport

The speciation of the elements on the surface of the particles collected during dust storm and non-dust storm in Beijing and Inner Mongolia was studied by XPS. The major species of iron on the surface were oxides, sulfate, silicate,FeOOH and minor part sorbed on SiO2/Al2O3. Sulfate is the dominant species of sulfur on the surface. SiO2 and Al2O3 are the main components of Si and Al on the surface respectively.One of the most important findings was that the Fe(Ⅱ) (FeS and FeSO4) produced could account for up to 44.3% and 45.6% of the total Fe on the surface in the aerosol sample collected at that night and next day of the “peak” time of the dust storm occurring on March 20, 2002, while Fe2(SO4)3,one of the Fe(Ⅲ) species on the surface decreased from 67.1% to 49.5% and 48.0% respectively. Both S and Fe enriched on the surface of aerosol particles. Fe(Ⅱ) accounted for 1.3%-5.3% of total Fe in bulk aerosol samples during dust storm. These results provided strong evidence to support the hypothesis of the coupling between iron and sulfur in aerosols during the long-range transport, which would have important impact on the global biogeochemical cycle.     

钢铁过程细微颗粒物凝并性能研究

为寻求一种收集钢铁冶炼过程中产生的气溶胶颗粒的方法,研究了EAF粉尘颗粒物的性质.采用Zn蒸汽氧化产生的ZnO模拟气溶胶颗粒进行凝并实验研究,另采用熏香烟雾在不同的搅拌速度下进行气溶胶凝并实验,并将实验结果与理论计算进行比较.同时,采用一种考虑颗粒间相互作用的气溶胶凝并模型估算反应范德华力作用的Hamaker常数.实验结果表明,在搅拌条件下,对于气溶胶的凝并应考虑微细颗粒间的相互作用.     

Characteristics of clouds,precipitation, and latent heat in midlatitude frontal system mixed with dust storm from GPM satellite observations and WRF simulations

A heavy dust storm originating in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia traveled to Northeast China and met a midlatitude frontal system on May 3, 2017. The potential ice nuclei (IN) effects of mineral dust aerosols on the vertical structure of clouds, precipitation, and latent heat (LH) were studied using Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) satellite observations and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. The WRF simulations correctly captured the main features of the system, and the surface rain rate distribution was positively correlated with data retrieved from the GPM Microwave Imager. Moreover, the correlation coefficient increased from 0.31 to 0.54 with increasing moving average window size. The WRF-simulated rainfall vertical profiles are generally comparable to the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) observations, particularly in low layers. The joint probability distribution functions of the rain rate at different altitudes from the WRF simulation and GPM observations show high positive correlation coefficients of ~0.80, indicating that the assumptions regarding the raindrop size distribution in the WRF model and DPR retrieval were consistent. Atmospheric circulation analysis and aerosol optical depth observations from the Himawari-8 satellite indicated that the dust storm entered only a narrow strip of the northwest edge of the frontal precipitation system. The WRF simulations showed that in carefully selected areas of heavy dust, dust can enhance the heterogeneous ice nucleation process and increase the cloud ice, snowfall, high-altitude precipitation rate, and LH rate in the upper layers. This effect is significant at temperatures of ?15 °C to ?38 °C and requires dust number concentrations exceeding 106 m?3. It is important to accurately classify the dusty region in this type of case study. In the selected vertical cross section, the WRF-simulated and DPR-retrieved LH have comparable vertical shapes and amplitudes. Both results reflect the structure of the tilted frontal surface, with positive LH above it and negative LH below it. The simulated area-averaged LH profiles show positive heating in the entire column, which is a convective-dominated region, and this feature is not significantly affected by dust. DPR-based LH profiles show stratiform-dominated or convective-dominated shapes, depending on the DPR retrieval product.     

Size distribution and element composition of dust aerosol in Chinese Otindag Sandland

Dust aerosol is one important component of atmos-pheric aerosols, and plays important roles in the Earth’s climate system and the biogeochemical cycle. Large amounts of dust aerosols produced from windblown soils and deserts are emitted annually into the atmosphere and transported over long distance to downwind land and ocean areas[1]. The deserts and desertification soils in northern China are important sources of East Asia dust aerosols. It is estimated that 800 Mt of dust aerosols emit-t…     

Characteristics and sources of 2002 super dust storm in Beijing

~~Characteristics and sources of 2002 super dust storm in Beijing~~